Mtv Arabian Challenge - 7403 Words

BSTR/294 ICMR Center for Management Research MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge This case was written by Debapratim Purkayastha, ICMR Center for Management Research. It was compiled from published sources, and is intended to be used as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a management situation. For use by students of Icfai Flexible Learning programs. Not to be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means. 2008, ICMR. All rights reserved. To order copies, call 0091-40-2343-0462/63 or write to ICMR, Plot # 49, Nagarjuna Hills, Hyderabad 500 082, India or email info@icmrindia.org. www.icmrindia.org BSTR/294 MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge â€Å"[†¦]†¦show more content†¦While launching MTV Arabia, William H. Roedy (Roedy), Vice Chairman for MTV Networks and President of MTVI, said, â€Å"Tonight‟s [November 16, 2007] MTV Arabia launch show celebrates one of the most important landmarks in MTV‟s 25-year history. MTV Arabia will reach the largest potential audience of any MTV channel outside the United States. MTV is proud to celebrate the voice of the Arab youth and through our global network we can showcase what this rich and diverse culture is all about to new audiences around the world.†5 BACKGROUND NOTE MTV (short for Music Television), which pioneered the concept of a cable music channel, was launched on August 1, 1981, and marked the commencement of the cable TV revolution. It was promoted by Warner Amex Satellite Entertainment Company, a joint venture between Warner Communications and American Express. In 1984, the company was renamed MTV Networks (MTVN) with its operations confined to the US. At the time of its launch, the MTV channel primarily catered to those in the 12 to 24 age group, airing heavy-metal and rap music. However, over the years, it also launched many sister channels such as VH-1(short for video hits one) which was formed in 1985 to play light popular music; Rhythm and Blues (RB,Show MoreRelatedMtv Networks: the Arabian Challenge1338 Words   |  6 PagesMTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge 1. Question 1 Experts felt that one of the biggest challenges faced by MTV while launching MTV Arabia was the prevalent culture in the Arab world. Discuss the Arab culture. How is it expected to pose a challenge to MTV? First of all, it is impossible to talk about groups of people without generalizing. At this point it must be emphasized that there is not just â€Å"one† Arab culture or society. The Arab world is full of rich and diverse communities, groupsRead MoreMtv Networks: the Arabian Challenge4307 Words   |  18 PagesICMR Case Collection Co p y Icfai Center for Management Research MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge o D . N ot BSTR294 - Teaching Note ï›™ 2009, Icfai Center for Management Research. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means- electronic or mechanical, without permission. To order copies, call +91-40-2343-0462/63 or write to Icfai Center for ManagementRead MoreCase Study : Music Television Networks1182 Words   |  5 Pagesprovide localized content without diluting what MTV stood for. What MTV wanted to do now, was enter the Arabian/Middle Eastern markets where everything is different. However, the company faced the most challenging test in late 2007 with its launch of MTV Arabia in the Middle East, which some experts considered as the biggest launch in the channel s history. While the market in the Middle East offered MTVN huge opportunities due to its huge youth populace, MTV s controversial content that was known forRead MoreAaron Abrams . Professor Harding . Mgt375 . 3/21/17. 1.1220 Words   |  5 Pagesdecent clothes in front of the other sexes. There cannot have sex until marriage. Their cannot use slang language and there are anti-American. MTV has multiple challenge while doing their television show in Saudi Arabia. One of the problem were the language translation. It did not usually translate properly or reveal a very explicit sexual message. MTV still maintain their Western ties which led to most of their shows being censored. Only forty percent of Arabic teenagers watch this program. TheRead MoreArab Culture and MTV708 Words   |  3 PagesMTV Networks launched MTV Arabia in a partnership with Arabian Television Network and as part of a global standard. On one side of the debate, proponents believed that introducing MTV to the region would provide more of an international connection to youth that is craving both information and participation from the West. On the other side, more conservative Islamic elements see the Western cultural influence as decadent and divisive. From a sociological point of view, the sharing of cultures as societyRead MoreEssay on Mtv Arabia1329 Words   |  6 PagesCase Analysis: MTV Arabic Introduction: Music Television or MTV is the pioneer of the concept of a cable music channel. It started in 1981 in United States. This was a mark of the commencement of the cable TV revolution in the history. The primary audience for MTV is those in the 12 to 24 age group. Later on, MTV launched many sister channel, this includes VH1 (video hit one) which shows light popular music, Rhythm and blues which shows Ramp;B, jazz, classics and country music, and lastly NickelodeonRead MoreAssignment 2 Essay2202 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Analysis of MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge Introduction With the boom of globalization and the world’s growing love of celebrities, it was about time that the music and youth entertainment industry tapped into the consumer hungry Arabian market. MTV saw this opportunity as a move that could unite the Arabian population by showcasing local talent on a world stage, as well as bringing international stars into the region. The market for an international music channel in the Middle EastRead MoreMtv Networks And The Middle East Essay1953 Words   |  8 Pages Introduction MTV Networks is known as the biggest music television channel in the world embraced a new challenge of introducing their channel to the Arab countries. The thriving of globalization and the world’s growing love of celebrities, MTV executives decided to approach the growing Arabian market with target the music lover and youth entertainment industry. MTV saw this opportunity to gain new market shares and a move that could unite the Arabian population by showcasing localRead MoreMtv : The World Of Art And Entertainment1511 Words   |  7 Pagesinception in 1981, MTV has been a cultural phenomenon as a leading force for pop culture and has changed the world of art and entertainment. The network captured the hearts (and wallets) of millions of young people and quickly built this American cable channel into a global youth cultural mega empire. MTV Networks (MTVN) has developed a prominent global reputation for its ability to provide content without compromising the MTV culture. H owever, the company faced its biggest challenge in late 2007 withRead MoreManagement7125 Words   |  29 PagesBSTR/294 IBS Center for Management Research MTV Networks: The Arabian Challenge This case was written by Debapratim Purkayastha, IBS Center for Management Research. It was compiled from published sources, and is intended to be used as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a management situation. 2008, IBS Center for Management Research. All rights reserved. To order copies, call +91-8417-236667/68 or write to IBS Center for

Terrorist Attacks And Its Impact On The United States Of...

On September the 11th 2001, a series of ‘terrorist attacks’ struck the main cities of the United States of America. This is more commonly known as 9/11, hence the 11th of September. The story of this incident is that these deadly attacks were performed by Al Qaeda extremists. This event has been recorded in the pages of history as a clear act of terrorism war and has impacted many people’s daily lives, even here in New Zealand. But was it really these extremists who attacked the United States of America, or was it an inside job conducted by the governmental officials of America itself; driven for a reason to declare war and advance their troops into Afghanistan and Iraq. From this single thought sprouted a mass amount of conspiracy theories that is highly debated to this day. Explanation of Official Theory: The official theory of the 9/11 attack is that at least 19 experienced Al-Qaeda Islamic Extremist hijackers carried out a heavily organised terrorist attack by gaining control of four commercial American airliners. These airliners were all set to crash into four American political landmarks; the two world trade centre towers -aka. the twin towers-, the pentagon, and the Capitol. It wasn’t fully concluded where the fourth destination for attack was, but the flight direction was heading E.S.E at 124.11 °, thus making it highly likely that flight 93s’ destination was intended for a national governmental landmark in Washington D.C. American airlines flight 11 andShow MoreRelatedAl Qaed Terrorist Groups Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesFounded by Osama bin Laden around the late 1980’s, one of the largest, most terrifying, terrorist groups known worldwide is the Islamist organization, Al Qaeda. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, Jayshree Bajoria and Greg Bruno examine Al Qaeda as an international terrorist network that seeks to free Muslim countries of profane influence, and replace governments with fundamentalist Islamic regimes. Originating back to around 1988, Al Qaeda grew out of a Service Office, run by Osama binRead MoreThe Political, Social, and Economic Changes Following 9/11 Essay examples1553 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 11 2001, an attack was made on United States. Four systematic terrorist attacks were pulled off by the group al-Qaeda simultaneously bringing down the World Trade Centre in New York and damaging the Pentagon in Washington D.C. As extensive and in depth as the cause for the attack may have been, September 11 is an event that has undoubtedly left its mark in American history. A turning point, as some would call it, of the political, social, and economic systems of the United States. Quickly followingRead MoreThe Bombing Of The United States1357 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 11,2001, it was a tragic day across the country of United States, from New York all the way too California. Everyone took one moment of silence as one whole nation that day and work was cancelled as everyone starred at Television watching the news to find out more information on what happened to their country. The attack on the U.S. changed everything from that day forward. This attack opened up new acts and change our national security. The American people and people in other countriesRead MoreThe United States Face Challenges And Threats1361 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States face many challenges and threats. The 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review identifies six challenges that pose the most strategically significant risk to the United States over the next five years. These challenges include the terrorist threat, cyber threats, biological concerns, nuclear terrorism, transnational criminal organizations, and natural hazards ( Department of Homeland Security, 2014). Of these six challenges, the terrorism threat seems to create the biggest fearRead MoreThe Attack On The World Trade Center1455 Words   |  6 Pagesbuilding represented economic power and freedom. The attack on the World Trade Center created an impact on the financial standing of America, a loss resulting in billions to the airline industry, increased spending due to domestic security and the constructing of a federal agency, Homeland Security. All of these were results of the tragic attack on September 11 on the US economy. The World Trade Center was a sign of freedom and economic power in America, there were many companies along with workers thatRead MoreThe September 11th Attack on the World Trade Center1743 Words   |  7 Pagesquickly became a symbol of trade and commerce in the United States. On Friday, February 26th, 1993, a yellow rental van drove into the underground garage of the World Trade Centre. An 880 kilogram homemade bomb was concealed inside the van. The driver parked and departed. Just after noon, the bomb exploded. The impact of the explosion smashed cars and trucks, crumbled concrete, and damaged steel columns that held up the North Tower. The point of impact, blasted out a crater almost 45 metres in diameterRead MoreThe Functional Equivalent Of The Border And The Fourth Amendment1673 Words   |  7 Pagesstrictly prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires a warrant to be present to conduct the search. Understand when mentioning â€Å"functional equivalent†, this means the final port of entry after persons and property have entered the United States. The Fourth Amendment originally enforced the notion that â€Å"each man’s home is his castle†, secure from unreasonable searches and seizures of property by the government. It protects against arbitrary arrests, and is the basis of the law regardingRead MoreThe United States During The Cold War1422 Words   |  6 PagesAfter World War II, the United Nation was established; however, there were many different perspectives among its permanent members: China, Russian, US, Britain, and France. Each country had different ways to maintain their influences over the world. During the cold war, many countries were established by using the violence to gain the power. During the Vietnam War, the Vietcong organization under support of Soviets Union and North Vietnam continued use terror as the tool to attack South Vietnam governmentRead MoreA Look Back at 9/111307 Words   |  6 Pages9/11 One of the most known and worst events occurred on September 11, 2001. Terror attacks occurred in the United States of America in the cities of Washington D.C. and New York City. An Al-Qaeda terrorist group organized this attack by sending terrorists on four different airplanes to crash into the World Trade Center in New York City, and the Pentagon in Washington D.C. Two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, while another one was targeted for the Pentagon. Although one plane hit theRead MoreThe American Response1361 Words   |  6 Pageson America. Let us look first at the War on Terror. The War on Terror started after the terrorist organization Al-Qaeda attacked America on September 11th 2001. America responded with a military offensive against terrorist groups in Afghanistan. The primary targets in Afghanistan were Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Many scholars agree with what America did in this situation. In Robert J Art’s A Grand Strategy for America, he believed that in the event of a terrorist attack on U.S. soil, America must

LOVE’S LABOR’S LOST Persuasive Essay Example For Students

LOVE’S LABOR’S LOST Persuasive Essay A monologue from the play by William ShakespeareBEROWNE: And I, forsooth, in love!I, that have been loves whip,A very beadle to a humorous sigh,A critic, nay, a night-watch constable,A domineering pedant oer the boy,Than whom no mortal so magnificent.This wimpled, whining, purblind, wayward boy,This signor-junior, giant-dwarf, Dan Cupid,Regent of love-rimes, lord of folded arms,The anointed sovereign of sighs and groans,Liege of all loiterers and malcontents,Dread prince of plackets, king of codpieces,Sole imperator and great generalOf trotting paritors O my little heart!And I to be a corporal of his field,And wear his colors like a tumblers hoop!What? I love, I sue, I seek a wife!A woman that is like a German clock,Still a-repairing, ever out of frame,And never going aright, being a watch,But being watched that it may still go right!Nay, to be perjured, which is worst of all;And, among three, to love the worst of all;A whitely wanton with a velvet brow,With two pitch balls stuck in her face for eyes.Ay, and, by heaven, one that will do the deed,Though Argus were her eunuch and her guard.And I to sigh for her, to watch for her,To pray for her! Go to, it is a plagueThat Cupid will impose for my neglectOf his almighty dreadful little might.Well, I will love, write, sigh, pray, sue, groan:Some men must love my lady, and some Joan.

American nation Essay Example For Students

American nation Essay The Second Republic and Its FallOne of many hurdles that Nigeria had to overcome in the attempt to return to civilian rule, and then to have such a new system entrenched, was the fact that competitive politics encouraged recourse to sectional identification. On the one hand, there is need for a understanding of the nature of the dynamics of Nigerian society, especially with regard to the phenomenon of ethnicity. On the other hand, the theoretical formulations which already exist concerning the nature of politics in segmented societies must be confronted so that a closer approximation between such themes and the sociopolitical realities of Nigeria can be achieved (Joseph, 1987:43). The American-style constitution of the second Republic (1979-1983) was designed for Nigerians type of democracy where natural affairs rather than state are promoted to avoid the pattern of British parliamentary system where the winner-takes-all pattern. The parties in America conform to the Constitution due to their disciplinary disposition. In Nigeria, political parties were following the British style of politics, where distribution of revenues among the politician and their clients at national, state and local levels, are the order of the day (Shehu, et al; 1999:34). Bitter conflicts abounded within the political parties in both states and the federal level over the distribution of the spoils; hence, the inability of the politicals to manage the conflicts led to the demise of the democratic government in the Second Republic and the return of the military government. In the program of transition to the Second Republic, the military leaders primary concern was to prevent the recurrence of the mistakes of the First Republic. They believed that if the structures and processed of government and politics that had proved inappropriate in the First Republic could be changed, a stable and effective civilian government was therefore designed to address those fundamental issues, which were historically divisive, and to establish new political institutions, processes, and orientations. The second aspect of the transition involved the making of a new constitution and appropriate institutions. Decree number 25 of 1978 enacted the 1977 Constitution. It differed from the First Republic in 1963, in that, it introduced a United States type presidential system (Nwoked, 199:73). Previously, the executive branch of government derived its powers from the Legislative. Under the 1979 constitution, the President and the Vice-President as well as state governors and thei r deputies, were elected in separate elections. Furthermore, while senate was largely a ceremonial body in the first Republic, the new constitution gave the Senate and the House of Representatives coequal powers. There were other provisions in the 1979 Constitution that aimed at eliminating past loopholes. The first was the federal character principles, which sought to prevent the domination of power by one or a few states, ethnic groups or sections of federal center, and by one or more groups in the states and local government. The Second Republic was born in the elections for the state and federal offices that took place in five rounds during July and August 1979 (Diamond, 1999:434). Even though it was successful, but its image was dainted largely due to the administrate bias stemmed from the presidential election controversy of 1979. In general, the election was considered to be fair and free but the events that took place during the election such as fraud, victimization and electoral malpractices gave room for some of the votes to be disputed and thereby created an avenue for an election tribunal to be conducted. As a result of the ambiguous result of the 1979 Presidential election, its legitimacy was challenged, when UPN opponent Chief Obafemi Awolowo questioned the results of it that had the UPN candidate, Shagari, who supposedly won 25 percent of the vote in only twelve, and hence not quite two-thirds of the nineteen states. The ruling of the electoral commission that he was elected because he had won 25 percent in twelve and two third states (i.e, a quarter of the vote in twelve states and two-thirds of a quarter in a thirteenth) was bitterly challenged by the UPN, but upheld by the Supreme Court. The controversy engendered lasting political enmity between NPN and UPN that was too heavily color subsequent political developments (Diamond, 1995:434). The political tension spread to engender political alliances. The formation of a government by NPN, with the backing of NPP, being third largest party, whose nominees were offered ministerial, legislative and other positions, in a way, recreated a similar alliance identical to NPC-NCNC accord of the First Republic. The NPP frustration in this alliance system was manifested in its ability to affect the policies of the federal government and claim a larger share of the spoils. One faction of the NPN was of the view that too much share of executive and legislative offices had been given to NPP in return for its legislative cooperation, while the Yoruba faction of the NPN felt unease with the Northern and Eastern alignment of political forces which they figured might perpetuate the exclusion from the presidency (Shehu et al, 1999:54). Disappointed with the lack of consultations and patronage, the NPP-NPN accord never worked as it intended, and, consequently, on July 1981, the alliance collapsed. At first, the NPP state governors joined non-NPN governors in protesting against the appointment of presidential liaison officers to the state capitals, where they could act as a focus for NPN patronage and undermine the political pre-eminence of state governors. All the non-NPN governors strongly opposed the federal governments proposal for the division of revenues between federal, state and local governments (Shehu, et al; 1999:34). Meanwhile, the informal alliance became more important for the NPN, and this also cut sharply across region and ethnicity. Many of the tacit collaborations with the NPN came from the two Igbo states and from elsewhere outside the partys far northern base. These developments raised the possibility of a historic realignment in which two political parties, one being conservatives and the other progressive, would contest for power on a national basis (Joseph, 1994:6). As Diamond notes:Despite the increasing polarization between the ruling NPN and the UPN led opposition, there was some cause for hope in the fact that this clearage was far less centered on ethnicity and region than was political conflict in the First Republic. As a result of not only expanding education and communication, but also the deep inequalities and contradictions engendered by oil boom, class and ideology were coming to play a more significant role in political conflict. This was seen to have developed in both Kano and Kaduna states where PRP party conflict centered on class and ideology. According to Diamond, three interrelated crises developed along this line in 1980 and 1981. The first was a deep split in the leadership of the PRP, not unlike that in the Action Group in 1962, stating that the stance of moderation and national political accommodation was espoused by PRP President Aminu Kano and his aides, while it was the two elected governors of Kano and Kaduna who favored confrontation and a more radical, ideological approach. The latter faction was the larger of the two, containing most of the PRPs youth support, founding intellectuals, and legislative representatives. They supported the participation of two governors in the meetings of the nine opposition governors, while the party establishment opposed it and ordered it to cease. Out of mutual expulsions, two opposing party structures emerged, each claiming to be the genuine PRP. In a controve rsial decision early in 1981, FEDECO officially recognized the Aminu Kano faction, further eroding the legitimacy of that crucial regulatory body (Diamond, 1995:435). Problems And Challenges Facing The Construction Industry Construction EssayAs documented by Ottman; the leading figures in the military junta of Buhari..were predominantly northern in origin and conservative in outlook. They were drawn from the generation who had been encouraged by northern ministers, notably Shagari himself, to join the army and make up the northern quota of recruits to the officer Corps in the 1960s. They shared training, war-time experience in the federal cause and personal friendships and had connections with their civilian counterparts in the Kaduna Mafia' (Ottman, 199:39). The Coup leaders justified the second return of the army in Nigeria politics by stating that the country needed to be redeemed from the the grave economic predicament and uncertainty that had been imposed on the country by the inept and corrupt leadership of the civilian government has imposed on the country (Diamond, 1999:440). Major General Buhari and his deputy, Brigadier Tunde Idiagbon further justified the takeover by stating that rigging of the elections by the political parties would have illegitimately ushered the ruling party- NPN- into continued corruptive civilian rulership, thereby fostering the countrys economic downturn. For those reasons, the new military government sought to impose on Nigerian society the military virtues of order, discipline and central command under the direction of the Supreme Military Council, recreating the forms of military administration of Murtala regime. They also hurriedly made a bold move to tackle the problem of corruption and to curb further waste in the government. With the sacking of more than three hundred top officials in the civil service, police and customs, including the detention of hundreds of former politicians, the former President and Vice-President, ministers and legislatures, were also imprisoned. In a further move to reform the country of its ills, they authorized the seizing of cash from the homes of leading politicians, and froze their accounts. By cutting down the amount of import and reducing the travel allowances for Nigerian travels, they argued that Nigerian foreign exchange will be preserved. The raiding and the arrest of the operators of the Black market currency was a further justification of what their plans were (Othman, et al 1999:24). These initial moves became very popular particularly among students, trade unions and other professionals. Even majority newspapers supported the new regimes mention to restore accountability to public life. But later in the early stage of Buhari, it became obvious that its intention was not implement the accountability measures. It began to act rigidly and even refused to be questioned and scrutinized by the media. And, with unprecedented harshness, arrogance, and impurity, the Buhari regime, turned on the Constituencies that had welcomed its arrival (Diamond, 1995:441). Public trust of the new military was further eroded when they announced several controversial decrees that they will use to administer the country militarily. Decree 2 enabled the government to detain people arbitrarily, to try people by military tribunals, and restricted the authority of the courts. Decree 3 provided for military tribunals to try former public officials suspected of corruption and misconduct in office. While Decree 4 limited the rights of journalists to criticize public officials (Othman, et al 1999:39). The death penalty was extended to cover a wide range of economic, violent and anti-social offenses, and public executions were introduced. With these coercive measures, the regime also was able to try politicians by giving them long prison sentences, without any chances of appeal. Both the public and Nigerian Bar Associated protested and boycotted the trials. Even though that the people were gratified to see that convictions were metted to the most corrupt politicia ns and for the acquittals of others who were innocent, but were equally concern for the permanent detention of some politicians without any charges. Worst still, was the consternation that grew among the public in the military government favoritism of the Northern NPN Kingpins who were not convicted or charged with any wrong doing. As Diamond observed, the regime came increasingly to be dreaded as the military wing of the NPN (Diamond, 1995:441). Public disenchantment grew by the regimes repressiveness and arrogance in its assault on the press (Diamond, 1995:441). Both Decree 4 and Decree 2 were used to justify the arrests. Many Nigerians journalists and editors in January 1984, which affected the news coverage and further alienated the masses and the intelligentsia. Added to the public displeasure of the regime was the Nigerian Security Organization (NSO) tactics of obstructing public assembly and forcible detention of any group leader that are found to be organizing any public even that is against the government. This action by the Government further led to the banning of prominent interest group like the Nigerian Medical Association and National Association of Nigerian students. The intensification of public disaffection was also engendered by the increasing economic hardship on the people which was exacerbated by the various austerity measures that the Buharis military government implemented. Some of these economic measures that the government introduced were in some ways effective in helping towards balancing Nigerias external payments, they came at the price of deepening recession. During 1984, an estimated 50,000 civil servants were retrenched, retired or dismissed. Tens of thousands more industrial workers also lost their jobs as factories remained desperately short of imported raw materials and spare parts (Diamond, 1999:442). The rate of inflation was up to annual rate of 40 percent due to the severe shortages of goods and so was the decline in GDP by and estimated 10 percent. The repressive strategy of Buharis military further engendered deep resentment and bitterness among the people who feel that they had been denied of their personal freedom. In addition, according to Othman, the military government was increasingly driven by dissension over strategies of economic management, the detention and trials of political detainees and the rising power of Brigadier Tunde Idiagbon, the Chief of staff, supreme headquarters, and the driving force behind the regimes authoritarian policies, and of the Nigerian Security Organization (NSO) (Othman, 1999:40). Two factors were instrumental to the final demise of the military regime; one was the risking of what Diamond called political convulsion, an attempt to impose a monolithic order on Nigerias vigorously polaristic society (Diamond, 1999:443). The second factor was the regimes declaration in July, 1985, of their intention or plan to return Nigeria to Civilian rule. These actions further isolated Buhari and Idiagbon from their military colleagues , including their arrogance in ignoring critical opinion even among its senior military ranks.

The Justification Of War Has Been An Ideal That Has Caused Much Debate

The justification of war has been an ideal that has caused much debate and controversy for humanity throughout all time. It has been studied and interpreted by many theologians, philosophers, and politicians. There have many manuscripts documenting the correct use of war and the proper means of exercising force. Within the western tradition two main principles, the Christian and Islamic, have appeared that attempt to explain just war in relation to maintaining a peaceful society. Both of these traditions have similar main premises of a constant battle between a split society, one of good and the other of evil. However, there are many differences within each of the two respective religions view on the ideas of the conception of a well ordered society, the religious and secular influences on each ideology, and the justification and authorization of war. The Christian conception of a well-ordered, peaceful society, the City of God, was maintained and influenced by the ideal of just war. The City of God theory was created by St. Augustine of Hippo in the 4th century. His motivation for his writing was fueled by the decaying Roman Empire. St. Augustine felt that the collapse of the western empire to the invading barbarians resulted from the peaceful Christian ethic. "The charge was the traditional Christian pacifism had helped create untenable military circumstances for the western empire, the Church's concern to prepare it's members for the next life, had led to an ahistorical and socially irresponsible approach to the inescapable problems of individuals and societies in history (Tranquillitas Ordinis, Weigel)." Within his writings, he made a clear distinction between two cities, one that was based for Earthly living (City of Earth) and one that was based on love for God (City of God). He believed the City of Earth was capable of doin g good, however was fundamentally evil because the only pure good is God. There is a direct correlation between the City of Earth and the Roman Empire. Augustine pointed out the many achievements of the Roman State, but felt it did not give God his due (Holy War Idea, Johnson). In order to correct this situation God created salvation for the inhabitants of the City of Earth through grace. By altering human motivations to become properly ordered through the love for God (Holy War Idea, Johnson). With this love for God, the City of God will become a reality. This entire society stemmed from individual motivation, and for love of neighbor. Augustine felt that a selfish motivation was a sign of a sinner. Only a good person would have right motivation, which is expressed as love towards God. To maintain this peaceful society it would have to have the following three characteristics: Justice, Order, and Peace. To uphold these ideals, there existed a positive attitude towards just war. Jus t war aided the transformation from the presently evil world to the benevolent City of God. The Muslim concept of a well-ordered society, dar al-Islam, developed their ideals of jihad. Classical Islamic thought partitioned the world into two separate societies. The Dar al-Islam was considered the territory of peace, and the dar al-harb was literally the "territory of war". The dar al-Islam is an area that promotes and signifies the supremacy of Muslims beliefs. The dar-al Islam is the area of peace and justice, it is considered to be the most secure place for all humans. The people of this territory need not be Muslims, they have to acknowledge the Muslim rule, and they need to be of a monotheistic religion. Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians were all allowed to live within the Dar al-Islam peacefully. The important aspect of non-Muslims living within the dar al-Islam is their behavior. Right action, not right thought was used to define which inhabitants can exist within the Dar al-Islam. By Contrast, the dar a-Harb was the state of unrest and war. It is characterized by str ife and internal disorder (Islam and War, Kelsay). This disorder, if mobilized correctly could become a threat to the dar al-Islam. The peace of the world could only occur if it was all part of the dar al-Islam. These two areas were constantly in a state of war with each other. For Muslims to

US History Long Essay Sample

US History Long Essay SampleA US history long essay sample can be used as a way to help you with your composition, and it can be used as a means of getting feedback on your essay. Many students find that they need help when writing their assignments, so that is why they look to the internet for resources to help them with their assignments. One thing that a student should be aware of when they look at the resources available on the internet is that there are many different ways to use the essay samples available on the internet.If you are a college student that is looking for a US history long essay sample then there are a couple of things that you need to know about these samples. One thing that you need to be aware of is that you will have to do your own research in order to find the best resources for you to use. If you simply rely on the resources available for use in your essay then you may not be able to get the best results from using the resources.A US history long essay samp le is a great resource because it can give you all of the facts that you need to use in your essay. However, you have to take into consideration the fact that this is a large portion of your essay. If you have already read and studied the US history long essay sample then you will find that you have the information needed to properly complete your essay. However, if you did not use the resource you would be in a bad position to use it again because you will know nothing about the topic that you were given.You can find many resources that are dedicated to giving you all of the US history long essay sample that you will need to complete your assignment. When you are looking for these resources, it is important that you know what is expected of you in order to successfully complete your assignment. The assignment can vary from college to college and you have to be sure that you know the requirements that you need to fulfill in order to get the work completed. The next thing that you ne ed to know about the US history long essay sample is that it can give you many different ways to approach the topic. Many times you will find that this sample is used to get students interested in the topic that they are currently working on. They will be motivated to keep on working because of this.If you are looking for a US history long essay sample then you will find that it is a great resource because it can get you started with the topic that you are working on. The essay can give you all of the facts that you need and it can also give you the best way to go about writing your essay. You can find many different ways to approach the topic and you will be able to know how to approach the topic.The last thing that you need to know about the US history long essay sample is that you can use this essay for several different reasons. Sometimes you will find that this can be used in your essays or in the classroom as a way to help motivate students to stay motivated. You can also use the essay as a way to get students involved in various activities that you have set up at your school.The US history long essay sample is something that can be used in many different ways in the classroom. It can help students to understand the history of the United States as well as help them understand the basic idea behind the writing. The best thing that you can do is to find a good resource that will help you write your essay.

Peter and Susan are members of an animal rights Essays

Peter and Susan are members of an animal rights Essays Peter and Susan are members of an animal rights Essay Peter and Susan are members of an animal rights Essay Title: Peter and Susan are members of an carnal rights group named CFA ( Compassion for Animals ) . They are incensed at the policy of the EU of exporting unrecorded animate beings within the EU and from member provinces to other states throughout the universe. During a meeting of the CFA they propose to organize a March in two hebdomads clip with the intent of pulling attending to this pattern and showing against it. The March will continue through Wetcliffe, a big port and culminate at the central office of Cargo Ltd, the largest exporter in the U.K. The demonstrators assemble at Wetcliffe. There are about 500. Whilst assembled, and prior to the March commencing, Peter and Susan urge the demonstrators to stay peaceable in order to aerate their grudges more efficaciously. The demonstrators set off with Peter taking. As the March enters the town, the traffic is held up for 15 proceedingss and many of the local occupants are angry at the break the March is doing. Within proceedingss a little figure of the local occupants and a subdivision within the marchers are shouting maltreatment at each other and the temper of the March begins to acquire rather angry. Sergeant Burrows asks Peter and Susan to scatter half the group but they refuse and when the Sergeant asks them to deviate the March to climax some one half a stat mi from the central office of the Cargo Ltd. they once more refuse. Sergeant Burrows apprehensions Peter and Susan. The demonstrators arrive at Cargo Ltd. Jane and Robert reference, through loud hailers, their protagonists. A vocal group who are opposed to these positions are besides present, a group which includes several employees of Cargo Ltd. The latter threaten Jane and Robert with force if they do non scatter. Anxious at the possible eruption of force the constabulary apprehension Jane and Robert. The crowd is, by now, counter and the employees of Cargo Ltd cry and do opprobrious marks which antagonises the demonstrators. Some of the demonstrators retaliate by throwing missiles. Eight of the demonstrators light a fire under one of the lorries. The constabulary arrive and consequence several apprehensions including the eight demonstrators who had torched the lorry. Meanwhile Sergeant Burrows returns to the local Police Station with Peter and Susan. He has learnt that they live together and that their level is en path to the Police Station. He decides to come in and seek their premises on the evidences that he might happen inside informations of future riotous assemblages, believing Peter and Susan to be trouble makers. He finds nil but seizes a DVD redact, which is still in the box and Tells Peter and Susan that he believes this to be stolen. On reaching at the Police Station Peter and Susan are put in the cells, where they are left for 9 hours before being released with no charge. Explain the legality of the above incidents with mention to the powers of them constabularies to collar, the duties of the demonstrators and the human rights context. Let us get down with a treatment associating to the legality of the apprehension of Peter [ P ] and Susan [ S ] by Sergeant Burrows [ B ] : Apprehensions are of two sorts: a ) With a warrant and B ) without a warrant. There is no information provided in the facts of this instance which suggest that B did in fact obtain a warrant for the apprehension of P and S, and as such we will continue on the premise that the relevant jurisprudence in inquiry falls within the latter of the above two classs. The relevant jurisprudence refering the powers of apprehension without a warrant, by constabulary constables, are contained within subdivision 24 of PACE, as amended by subdivision 110 ( 1 ) of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005: Section 1 of the 2005 Act states that a constable may collar without a warrant ( a ) anyone who is about to perpetrate an offense ; ( B ) anyone who is in the act of perpetrating an offense ; ( degree Celsius ) anyone whom he has sensible evidences for surmising to be about to perpetrate an offense, and ; ( vitamin D ) anyone whom he has sensible evidences for surmising to be perpetrating an offense. Section 110, ss4 of the Act states that a constable may merely do such an apprehension where he has ‘reasonable grounds’ for believing that such an apprehension is ‘necessary’ . Section 110, ss5 of the 2005 Act stipulates the valid grounds which may take to such a ‘reasonable belief’ in the necessity of the app rehension. Let us now consider whether there is any information within the facts of our instance which might propose that B was justified in doing his apprehension of P and S: We are non told the grounds behind the apprehension: we are told nevertheless that P and S refused both ‘to disperse half the group’ and ‘to divert the March to climax some one and a half miles’ off from its proposed finish, at the central office of Cargo Ltd. We are besides told that the March, in which P. and S. are members, was barricading up portion of the town, with ‘traffic [ being ] held up for 15 minutes’ . Let us now ascertain whether any of the above facts might fulfill s110, US Secret Service ( 1 ) , US Secret Service ( 4 ) and US Secret Service ( 5 ) of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005: P. and S’s refusal to deviate the March to a different finish clearly does non represent an offense in itself, and as such, B was non empowered under s110 ( 1 ) of the Act to collar them on this land. In respect to P and S’s refusal to scatter half the crowd ; B might hold deemed this refusal as representing an offense under the Highway Obstruction Act, in visible radiation of the fact that P and S both orchestrated the March and were hence, at least to some extent, in control of the crowd [ we are told that the March was ‘being led by P’ ] and hence non merely responsible for the obstructor, but in a place to scatter it. In this manner, B might hold perceived that he was legitimately entitled to collar them under s110 ( 1 ) of the 2005 Act. However, it would be hard to reason that the apprehension of P and S would hold served to take this obstructor, and as such, whilst fulfilling the ground specifications of s110 ( 5 ) ( V ) of the 2005 Act [ ‘causing an improper obstructor of the highway’ ] , an apprehension on this land would about surely be deemed improper due to s110 ( 4 ) which required B to hold an apprehension necessary in order to foresta ll the obstructor in inquiry, when clearly the apprehension would non, and did non [ the March go oning regardless of the absence of P and S ] , have this consequence. In respect to their personal presence [ i.e. being portion of the obstructor themselves ] , B may hold believed that P and S were themselves in breach of the Highway Obstruction Act, and as such had evidences under s110 ( 1 ) of the 2005 Act to do an apprehension. For the apprehension to be lawful nevertheless, B must hold once more deemed the apprehensionnecessary[ s110 ( 4 ) ] upon one of the evidences specified in s110 ( 5 ) , and it is my contention that this statement would neglect: the facts presented to us make non bespeak that B of all time really asked P and S to travel themselves, simply to scatter some of the other dissenters, and as such an apprehension was non yetnecessaryin order to take the obstructor ; had they been asked to travel themselves and so refused, there is no uncertainty that all the legal commissariats would hold been satisfied to guarantee that the apprehension made by B was lawful, but this is non apparent from the facts provided, and this statement must therefore fail. With respects to B’s common jurisprudence power to do apprehension under the Public Order Act 1936 ; there is no grounds to propose that P and S were doing an altercation, or that their refusals were, or were likely to do any breach of the peace, and as such, in visible radiation of the determination in Wershof V Metropolitan Police Commissioner [ 1978 ] , we can disregard an probe into this possible claim. In decision, the apprehension of P and S had no lawful footing and must been seen as a cardinal breach of their cardinal human right to single autonomy, as protected by Article 5 of the ECHR and enacted into English jurisprudence by the Human Rights Act 1998. P and S would hence be absolutely within their rights to establish an action against the constabulary force on the land of improper apprehension. Likewise, it appears that B did non inform them of the grounds for the apprehension ( as required by PACE, s28 ) , and this would be sufficient evidences, in itself, for a successful action against the constabulary for improper apprehension ( e.g. Christie V Leachinski 1947 ) . As for the apprehension of Jane [ J ] and Robert [ R ] ; whilst s110 ( 5 ) ( two ) of the 2005 Act stipulates that an apprehension may be deemed necessary ( ss4 ) in order to forestall them from being harmed ( the employees of Cargo Ltd were endangering them with force ) , J and R were non themselves perpetrating any offense and as such no lawful apprehension could be justified under ss1 of this Act. Prima facie, their references made via loud-speakers might be seen as representing incitation to breach of the peace under the Public Order Act 1936, but there is no grounds provided which suggests that J. and R. were motivating the crowd to do any breach of the peace, and as such, in visible radiation of the determination in Wershof V Metropolitan Police Commissioner [ 1978 ] , must neglect. In decision, the apprehension of J and R had no lawful footing and must been seen as a cardinal breach of their cardinal human right to single autonomy, as protected by article 5 of the ECHR, as ena cted into English jurisprudence by the Human Rights Act 1998. J and R would hence be absolutely within their rights to establish an action against the constabulary force on this land. Likewise, it appears that B did non inform them of the grounds for the apprehension ( as required by PACE, s28 ) , and this would be sufficient evidences, in itself, for a successful action against the constabulary for improper apprehension ( e.g. Christie V Leachinski 1947 ) . This Section is designed ‘to protect the person against the extra or maltreatment of the power of apprehension, ’ ( Hill v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire 1990 ) in the same manner that Article 5 of the ECHR efforts to protect such violations of personal autonomy. As for the apprehensions of the eight demonstrators who lit a fire under the lorry ; clearly s110 ( 1 ) is satisfied by their blazing offense of incendiarism, and ss4 would be satisfied as an apprehension was necessary to forestall these attackers from doing farther harm ( s110 ( 5 ) ( degree Celsius ) ( three ) ) and to let the prompt and effectual probe of this offense and their behavior ( s110 ( 5 ) ( vitamin E ) ) . It should be noted that we are told the constabulary effected ‘several apprehensions including the eight demonstrators who had torched the lorry’ , connoting that more than these eight people were arrested. There is nil from the facts to bespeak which other parties were arrested, whether demonstrators or employees of Cargo Ltd, and as such any treatment of the legality of these extra apprehensions would be strictly bad. In respects to the duties of the demonstrators in this inquiry ; the jurisprudence must endeavor to strike the right balance between freedom of look, in leting protestors to voice their sentiments, and doing certain that the demonstrators do non motivate racial hate or alienation, promote blasphemy or promote violent behavior [ or take portion in such behaviour ] . In our instance the apprehensions of J, R, P and S were, leading facie, illegal ; none of these parties being in breach of their duties as demonstrators to maintain the peace ( we are even told that Peter and Susan urged the demonstrators to stay peaceable! ) . Clearly nevertheless the demonstrators responsible for the incendiarism onslaught on the lorry were in breach of their duties and the jurisprudence as such provided sufficient evidences for their lawful apprehension. With respect to B’s entrance of P and S’s premises: there is no indicant that they gave consent to such entry ( as per Code of Practice B, para 4 ) , and about surely B had non obtained a hunt warrant in conformity with subdivision 8 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. In Thomas V Sawkins [ 1935 ] , a common jurisprudence right to come in without such a warrant in order to ‘deal with or forestall a breach of the peace’ was entertained. In visible radiation of the fact that B entered on evidences that ‘he might happen inside informations of future riotous gatherings’ and as such, was for the specific intent of ‘preventing a [ hereafter ] breach of the peace’ , a tribunal might keep that such entry was lawful, although the instance of McLoed v UK ( 1998 ) seemed to set such a contention to rest as being a breach of Article 8 of the ECHR [ regard for place and private life ] . Assuming that a lawful right to entry could be e stablished, which I do non strongly believe to be the instance in visible radiation of the human rights context and the determination in the aforesaid ECHR instance, allow us now analyse the legality of the hunt conducted on P and S’s premises by Bacillus: Again, we can presume that B did non obtain a warrant to seek the premises. We besides know that P and S were non present in their house at the clip of, or instantly anterior to their apprehension. As such, the relevant jurisprudence is contained within s18 PACE, which permits a hunt of an arrested person’s house if ‘reasonable evidences exist to surmise that there is, on the premises, grounds associating to the offense for which the individual was arrested, or other arrest-able offences’ . B believed P and S to be trouble makers in visible radiation of their earlier refusals to collaborate, and as such there is no uncertainty that he believed such sensible evidences to be. As for B’s ictus of the cd-writer ; the instance of Ghani V Jones [ 1970 ] outlined status by which a constable may legitimately prehend points which have nil to make with his original grounds for entry. None of these conditions would be satisfied in this instance. S19 ( 2 ) PACE states that such points may be seized if there are sensible evidences to propose that the points in inquiry have been obtained through offense, and remotion of the points is necessary to forestall them being later concealed, lost, damaged or destroyed ; the presence of a bran-new boxed Cadmium author nevertheless does non look sufficient to warrant sensible evidences, and as such, I must reason that this ictus was improper. The last issue to discourse is the length of clip that P and S were detained at the constabulary station without charge ; in visible radiation of the fact that the apprehension was doubtless illegal, P and S would hold clear rights to take action for false imprisonment. If the apprehension had been lawful nevertheless, there would hold been no job with the length of clip [ 9 hours ] for which they were detained [ 96 hours maximum- PACE ] , every bit long as they were allowed to confer with a canvasser ( s58 PACE ) and have a friend or household informed of their apprehension and detainment ( s56 PACE ) , should they so wish. Mentions: Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 Public Order Act 1936 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1987 [ PACE ] Police Act 1997 Wershof V Metropolitan Police Commissioner [ 1978 ] 3 All ER 540 Hill V Chief Constable of South Yorkshire ( 1990 ) 1 All ER 1046 Thomas V Sawkins [ 1935 ] 2 KB 249 McLoed V UK ( 1998 ) 28 EHRR 493 Ghani V Jones [ 1970 ] 1 QB 693