Application Of App Preceptor Programs Essay - 964 Words

The focus of the evidence of this literature review is to explore the need for of APP preceptor programs to aid in new hire transition to practice. The review will begin broadly by presenting the evidence that supports the need for preceptor program implementation due to common themes identified by novice APPs. Then, the need for preceptor development will be discussed. Finally, the review will conclude with current evidence that preceptor development is not only needed, but is effective in bridging the practice gap for novice APPs. Significant Studies For the sake of brevity, only the literature regarding preceptorship of novice APPs will be evaluated in this paper. Two studies are older than 10 years, but were included to fully explore the applicable literature. All of the literature reviewed can be found in Appendix A. The Johns Hopkins Evidenced-Based Practice Evidence Rating Scale was used to evaluate the literature (Newhouse, Dearholt, Poe, Pugh, White, 2007). In a frequently cited study, Kelly and Mathews (2001) described the themes of loss of control of privacy and time, relationship changes, isolation and uncertainty in a new NP role. The authors identified the most successful coping strategy was the development of a support network and a mentor to aid in role development. The study was rated a Level 3 due to its qualitative nature. It was given a quality rating of B as, out of a convenience sample of 30 new graduate NPs, 21 participated and consistent themesShow MoreRelatedKyruus case Essay13147 Words   |  53 PagesFor the exclusive use of F. Habib 9 -8 1 3 -0 6 0 REV: DECEMBER 5, 2012 ROBERT F. HIGGINS PENROSE O’DONNELL MEHUL BHATT Kyruus: Big Datas Search for the Killer App â€Å"At the bottom of the Oakland experiment was a willingness to rethink baseball: how it is managed, how it is played, who is best suited to play it, and why.† â€Å"First came radical advancements in computer technology: this dramatically reduced the cost of compiling and analyzing vast amounts of baseball data. Then came the

Civil Disobedience and Birmingham Campaign - 993 Words

Civil Disobedience and Birmingham Campaign Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther king Jr. fundamentally altered the American tradition of protest and reform. Both of them shared the same idea, but viewed them differently. Dr. King wanted to ultimately raise awareness and open doors for groups while Thoreau wanted more individual rights for people. The Birmingham campaign was a movement organized by King Martin Luther in the spring of 1963 to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama. In the early 1960s, Birmingham was a very segregated city. This meant that black and white people were kept separated. They had different schools, restaurants, water fountains and even different place to stay. There were laws that allowed and enforced segregation called Jim Crow Laws. The movement which began in April, utilized massive direct action to attack Birmingham’s strongly engrained system of segregation. The protests were co-named â€Å"Project C†. The â€Å"C† stood for â€Å"confrontation†. The protests were non violent and included boycotting downtown stores, sit-ins, marches. The organizers thought that if enough people protested, then the local government would be forced to confront them and this would make national news gaining them support the federal governme nt and the rest of the country. This project C brought national attention to the inequality of America’s economic, legal and social system- attention that led to the civil rights act of 1964.Show MoreRelatedCivil Disobedience And The Apartheid1428 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout history, civil disobedience has been used to bring about change across a wide variety of civil rights issues. In India, Mahatma Gandhi used civil disobedience to nonviolently protest against the British Raj and, after a thirty-year struggle, earn independence both for himself and his people. In the United States, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. employed civil disobedience to overcome both the Jim Crow laws that had oppressed the African-American minority and the systemic racism that wasRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesIn â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Martin Luther King Jr. wrote a response to clergymen defending his actions t hat placed him in a jail in Birmingham, Alabama. King did not respond to all the criticism that crossed his desk, but this time King felt he was compelled to respond. This obligation King felt was due in part to men with good will and intentions stating that his actions were â€Å"unwise and untimely† (Pg. 835). King’s purpose in writing â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was to defend the strategyRead MoreCivil Disobedience By Martin Luther King1077 Words   |  5 PagesEncyclopedia of Philosophy, civil disobedience is defined as â€Å"a public nonviolence and conscientious breach of law undertaken with the aim of bringing about a change in laws or government policies†. Martin Luther King sought to end the unjust law of segregation in a nonviolent campaign. He outlines the four basic steps: â€Å"collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action† behind the beauty of a nonviolent camp aign. King also described theRead MoreAntigone And Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1233 Words   |  5 PagesSophocles’ Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Antigone and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. used resistance against powerful leaders to follow their morals and make a statement. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s approach towards the reconstruction of society’s cultural understanding of segregation used civil disobedience in a more public and large-scale approach, whereas Antigone’s use of civil disobedience defied the law in a much more private, small-scale way to do whatRead MoreAn Analysis of Letter from a Birmingham Jail Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pages Letter from a Birmingham Jail was written by Doctor Martin Luther King Jr. in April of 1963, as he sat, as the title states, in a Birmingham, Alabama jail. King had been jailed for his participation in a peaceful protest of segregation in public places such as lunch counters and public restrooms (Berkley, 2003). While jailed, King read a criticism of the protest by a group of white ministers, who felt such demonstrations â€Å"directed and in part led by outsiders† were â€Å"unwise and untimely†Read Moreï » ¿An Analysis of Letter from a Birmingham Jail1204 Words   |  5 PagesLetter from Birmingham Jail was written by Martin Luther King Jr. As he states in the title, in a Birmingham, Alabama jail. Martin Luther King Jr. was jailed because he participated on a nonviolent protest of segregation in public places such as lunch counters and public restrooms. During his jail time, Martin Luther King Jr. read a criticism about a protest made by a group of whit e ministers, accusing King of being an outsider, of using extreme measures that incite hatred and violence, that hisRead MoreNonviolent Protests: An argumentative essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesParty of 1773, the Civil Rights Movement and the Pro-Life Movement of the 1960s, to the Tea Party Movement and Occupy Wall Street Movement of current times, â€Å"those struggling against unjust laws have engaged in acts of deliberate, open disobedience to government power to uphold higher principles regarding human rights and social justice† (DeForrest, 1998, p. 653) through nonviolent protests. Perhaps the most well-known of the non-violent protests are those associated with the Civil Rights movementRead MoreCivil Disobedience And The Civil Rights Movement867 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Civil Rights Movement, King and many of his followers and fellow activists deeply followed the path of non-violent protest, otherwise known as civil disobedience. After being arrested during th e 1963 Birmingham Campaign, King received a series of critiques from fellow clergymen stating their disapproval of his actions. Of course, King addressed a letter, now more commonly known as â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, to his critics as well as the nation in order to defend his ideology. ThoughRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Martin Luther Kings 1219 Words   |  5 Pagesare the best adjectives to explain Letter from Birmingham Jail. Martin Luther King Jrs astuteness is enhanced by the astonishing capability to show the unkind and heartless attitude against black community. Throughout the whole writing to the eight clergymen Jr. never get too far from the clash for fairness in Birmingham. As head of the South Christians Leadership Conferences (SCLC), Martin L. King, Junior., in the year 1963 acknowledged Birmingham, Alabama, as possibly the most carefully segregatedRead More Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From a Birmingham Jail Essays1088 Words   |  5 PagesFrom a Birmingham Jail† In King’s essay, â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that are pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. King’s eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual side of his audience, serves to make â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20th century. In Birmingham, Ala.,

Should Sexual Education Be Taught in Public Schools free essay sample

Should Sexual Education Be Taught in Public Schools? In 2008, studies show that 50% of all teenage girls in the United States, ranging from ages 14-19 became teen moms. This is the highest rate of teenage pregnancy since the early 1990s and it will continue to increase if there is no intervention, Sexual education should be taught in public schools because it could help avoid pregnancies and decrease the rate in STDs among the youths. Teenagers can get properly educated and be provided with accurate information about the topic, and more kids will be more open to communicate with people that they trust about sex. First of all, sex education would help avoid or decrease pregnancies and STDs among young people. The overall U. S pregnancy rate declined 17% from 1990-1996 going from 117 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15-19 to 97 per 1,000. The spread of disease among teenagers and teen pregnancy are health issues that will only worsen if the issues are left out of sex education classes. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Sexual Education Be Taught in Public Schools? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Dr. Jacqueline Darroc, who lead a study on sex education In countries where youth receive social support, full information and positive messages about sexuality, they achieve ealthier outcomes and lower rates of pregnancy, abortions, and STDs. Also, the students get properly educated and are provided with accurate information about topic. If they are taught all the facts about sex and be the consequences of sexual promiscuity, they will be able to make informed choices. Educated children become aware adults; they do not have to rely on unreliable sources to satisfy their curiosity. Currently, 20 states and the District of Columbia mandate both sex and HIV education and 13 states require that the information presented in sex education classes be medically accurate and factual. In addition, more kids will be more open to communicate with the people that they trust about sex. Teenagers really need someone with big hearts when they can communicate with and trust that they can go to when they have any questions. It is proven that teens that have good conversations with their parents about sex are more likely to delay sexual activity and have few partners. Teenagers will not be anxious or feel embarrassed when talking about it with someone that they know and fully trust; they can be more open about the subject. Sex education needs to be enforced in all public schools around the ation because it will not only benefit the students, but will also benefit the country. The pregnancy rate will continue to increase if children are uneducated about the risks of sexual activities are uneducated about the risks of sexual activities. Teenagers are too young to be getting pregnant and taking care of another life because they are mentally, emotionally, and financially unstable. It is time that students become aware, make good choices, and become responsible young adults. Should Sexual Education Be Taught in Public Schools? By Maryclare-Dik ©

Corporate Strategy on Human Resource System

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Strategy on Human Resource System. Answer: Introduction The Human resource management has a great impact on each and every organization. HRM Department plays the most important role in the development of the business processes of any of the concerned firm (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). This research study reveals about various HRM strategic plans, business process and recruitment procedures of a well-renowned company named, Google. The essay also includes the impact of the Human resource strategy in the organization (Aswathappa, 2013). There are two basic objectives of this research paper, i.e. one is to identify the business strategic plans of Google being an organization and another one is to illustrate the effectiveness of the recruitment strategy of Google by Different HR managerial theories and literatures. The paper reflects the role of HRM team of Google as an organizer and employer, including the effectiveness of it. The strategies adopted by Google to recruit the employees critically reflect its mission and vision statements to execute its business processes throughout the different of the world with the help of innovative techniques (Dekas et al., 2013). Google as an organization Organizational behaviors are supposed to be the most important factor that helps in increasing the effectiveness throughout the workplace concerned. The firm offers wide range of facilities to all its employees and there are motivation and rewarding programs in order to bring out the best efforts from them. The management of this company plans about the innovative ideas in order to implement in the products and services of the business (Bamberger et al., 2014). As an organizer, it has a great impact on the entire business well as for the employees work there. The Human resource and the other managerial team of Google has a constant thought of improving the products and services towards the consumers, provides various kinds of suggestions of making the business process better. One of the most business strategies of Google, for which the organization has become the most leading and one, is the appropriate recruitment processes of the Human resource team of this organization (Ward Peppa rd, 2016). From various marketing research, it has been analyzed that, Google, is one of the most famous and great search Engine Company throughout the world. The creative and innovative ideas of the organization team which gives a huge amount of excellent quality of services to the people all over the world is one of the basic reason of becoming Google to be the renowned one. The organization provides a good amount of salary to the employees, avail good working environment to the entire working team, and also provide many more facilities to the staffs, and for this reason the feedback from the employees are excellent, and Google is bearing a wide range of team members of it. Google as an employer The research study on Google reveals that Google has a fair impact on an employer. From various International researches, it has been found that the team Google has a very good working environment of it. All the employees are very much satisfied working in this grand organization. The entrepreneur has great business strategies to build such an excellent working environment. There is a good amount of salary package for the employees works at Google(Buller et al., 2016). Huge numbers of facilities are provided to the workers such as medical facilities, vacation and holidays, food and accommodation, free shuttle services, maternity and parental leaves, and many more incentives as per working efficiency of workers. From the various newspaper, magazines, research articles, a huge number of good feedbacks from the employees of Google has been observed. The employees are been motivated and inspired by the senior management team which makes a good impact on the employees, and the working pro cesses also do well. The services of Google are superb, and for this reason, the customers and clients are highly satisfied. The business team provides excellent customer service to the consumers, which is of 24*7, and as a result, lots of good feedbacks are been seen in media (Hill et al., 2014). From an International business video review, it has been seen that Google avails their employees by balancing work life of every individual employee. The working people are also able to manage timing between the office and home. Each and every employee has said that Google is the best working place they have ever experienced because the HRM management team treats very well with them. Effectiveness of Googles recruitment strategy in terms of HRM theory and literature The effective strategies of Google managerial team create a good impact in the organization. It reduces the cost, errors, and manages the outcomes of the business (Purce, 2014). There are several reasons for that, Google is now a leading search Engine Company throughout the world. The strong business strategic plan of the management team of Google is giving a good impression to public globally. The innovative ideas and creations of the team are making the business to run in a fantastic manner. The organization bears a good working environment for it, which leads to increase the entire business team. The recruitment process of this company is very well planned by the Human resource team(Slocum, 2014). Various kinds of facilities are been provided to the employees of Google, so as to make the management team more unique. From various international surveys and reviews, it has been found that employees get the desired support from the management team of Google, and as a result, they are able to maintain their work life balance in an effective way. Every worker gives positive feedbacks of working at Google. Various compensation packages are considered to one of the important tools of the Human resource so as to retain a high quality of human resources. The innovative and typical design of the organization attracts various creative, dynamic and innovative workers. Various kinds of training and internship plans are organized by the HRM team of Google to enhance more skills among the employees, which results in more improvement of the business (SteiberAlnge, 2013). Strong business strategic plans of the team Google, relevant decisions that are been taken by the Human Resource manager and the senior management team to enhance the business. Conclusion The entire research paper depicts about the Human resource strategic plans and procedures of the worlds most renowned search engine company, named, Google. The essay also includes various kinds of recruitment processes planned and organized by the HRM department of this company. The theory gives a reflection of identifying Google as an excellent organization team, as well as an employer. This is one of the main objectives of this article. Various positive feedbacks and good working experience of the working people of this company has been discussed in the article. For the creativity and modern innovative structured plans of the business is making the organization to spread more globally. This research paper brings out different facts related to the effectiveness of Google's recruitment strategy considering many HRM theories along with literature. References: Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice.Kogan Page Publishers. Aswathappa, K. (2013).Human resource management: Text and cases. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Bamberger, P. A., Biron, M., Meshoulam, I. (2014).Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact. Routledge. Buller, P. F., McEvoy, G. M. (2016).A Model for Implementing a Sustainability Strategy through HRM Practices.Business and Society Review,121(4), 465-495. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Purce, J. (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Slocum, J., Lei, D., Buller, P. (2014).Executing business strategies through human resource management practices.Organizational Dynamics,43(2), 73-87. Steiber, A., Alnge, S. (2013). A corporate system for continuous innovation: the case of Google Inc.European Journal of Innovation Management,16(2), 243-264. Ward, J., Peppard, J. (2016).The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons. Dekas, K. H., Bauer, T. N., Welle, B., Kurkoski, J., Sullivan, S. (2013). Organizational citizenship behavior, version 2.0: a review and qualitative investigation of OCBs for knowledge workers at Google and beyond.The Academy of Management Perspectives,27(3), 219-237.

Sensory Details Essays - Transport, Land Transport, Economy Of Japan

Sensory Details Original sentence: The car landed awkwardly, causing it to roll. New sentence: The small sedan landed sideways with enough momentum to flip it many times over, completely crushing the cabin and likely everything inside. New paragraph: John was on his daily commute to work in his Ford F-350, listening to classical music, jamming out on the interstate when he noticed something out of the ordinary. A tiny white toyota about 50 meters ahead of him began making very strange movements, swerving from side to side and nearly taking out the car in the adjacent lane. This swerving continued for some time, when suddenly the small sedan slammed into the guardrail soaring high above the median and into the opposing lanes. The car landed sideways with enough momentum to flip it many times over, completely crushing the cabin and likely everything inside. John immediately crossed the grassy area between the opposite lanes of the highway to do whatever he could to help, and as he put his truck in park he jumped out and ran to the scene of the crash, crossing over the highway. As he ran he noticed some movement inside what was left of the toyota. A little girl stumbled out of the car, having miraculously survived the wild crash. "H uh...I don't think she has her license." John thought to himself.

How to Get a GRE Voucher and Discounts on the Test

How to Get a GRE Voucher and Discounts on the Test The GRE testing fee can be a significant barrier for applicants on a limited budget. However, financial assistance is available through several vouchers and fee reduction programs. In fact, you may be able to save as much as 100% on your GRE testing fee. GRE Vouchers The GRE Fee Reduction Program provides 50%-off vouchers for test-takers with demonstrated financial need.The GREÂ  Prepaid Voucher Service sells vouchers to organizations and institutions, which in turn offer savings to test-takers with demonstrated need. These vouchers can cover part or all of the testing fee.GRE promo codes, which can be found online through a simple Google search, can help you save money on test prep materials. There are three basic ways to save on the GRE: the GRE Fee Reduction Program, GRE Prepaid Vouchers and GRE promo codes. The first two options will reduce your testing fee, while the last option will help you save on test prep materials. GREFee Reduction Program The first place to look for savings is the GRE Fee Reduction Program. This program is offered directly through ETS, the makers of the GRE. The GRE Fee Reduction Program provides saving vouchers to test takers who will be taking the GRE in the United States, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands or Puerto Rico. The GRE Fee Reduction Program voucher can be used to cover 50% of the cost of the GRE General Test and/or the cost of one GRE Subject Test. There is a limited supply of vouchers, and they are awarded on a first-come, first-served basis, so vouchers are not guaranteed. The program is open to U.S. citizens and permanent residents, 18 years or older, with demonstrated financial need. To apply, you must be either an unenrolled college graduate who has applied for financial aid, a college senior currently receiving financial aid, or unemployed/receiving unemployment compensation. Additional requirements are as follows: Dependent college seniors must submit an FAFSA Student Aid Report (SAR) with a parental contribution of no more than $2,500.Self-supporting college seniors must submit an FAFSA Student Aid Report (SAR) with a contribution of no more than $3,000; they must also have self-supporting status on the report.Unenrolled college graduates must submit an FAFSA Student Aid Report (SAR) with a contribution of no more than $3,000.Unemployed individuals must prove that they are unemployed by signing a declaration of unemployment and submitting an Unemployment Benefits Statement from the past 90 days.Permanent residents must submit a copy of their green card. To increase your chances of getting a voucher from the GRE Fee Reduction Program, you should fill out the program application as soon as possible. Remember, vouchers are available on a first-come, first-served basis. The longer you wait, the lower your chances are of getting a voucher. You also need to allow at least three week for application processing. When your application is approved, you can pay the other half of the fee not covered by the voucher and resister to take the test. GRE Fee Reduction Vouchers from National Programs There are some national programs within the U.S. that provide their members with GRE Fee Reduction vouchers. These programs typically work with underrepresented communities. If you are a member of a participating program, you may be able to get a voucher or a certificate without being unemployed or meeting the stringent aid-based requirements that come with the GRE Fee Reduction Program. Since voucher availability and qualification requirements can vary from program to program, youll need to talk directly to the program director or another representative to determine whether or not you are able to get a GRE Fee Reduction voucher. According to ETS, the following programs offer GRE Fee Reduction vouchers to their members: Gates Millennium Scholars ProgramNational Consortium for Graduate Degrees for Minorities in Engineering and Science Program (GEM)Maximizing Access to Research Careers (MARC) Undergraduate Student Training in Academic Research (U-STAR) ProgramPostbaccalaureate Research Education Program (PREP)Research Initiative for Scientific Enhancement (RISE) ProgramTRIO Ronald E. McNair Postbaccalaureate Achievement ProgramTRIO Student Support Services (SSS) ProgramGREÂ  Prepaid Voucher Service GRE Prepaid Voucher Service ETS also offers a GREÂ  Prepaid Voucher Service. The vouchers that are available through this service can be used by GRE test takers. However, the vouchers are not sold directly to individuals who are taking the GRE test. Instead, they are sold to institutions or organizations who want to pay some or all of the cost of the GRE for the test taker. ETS offers several prepaid voucher options to institutions or organizations. Some of them cover part of the test fees, while others cover the entire test fee. All of these voucher options must be used by the test taker within one year of the purchase date. Vouchers, including those that cover 100% of the test fee, do not cover additional fees such as scoring fees, test center fees, or other associated fees. The voucher cannot be turned in by the test taker for a refund. GRE Prep Book Promo Codes ETS does not typically offer GRE promo codes that can be used to cover the cost of the GRE. However, there are many different test prep companies that offer GRE promo codes that can be used on prep books, courses, and other materials. Before purchasing a test prep book, do a general Google search for GRE promo codes. While you most likely will not be able to get a discount on the test fee, you can help to offset the cost of the test overall by saving money on test prep tools.

Answer the questions according to reading Essay

Answer the questions according to reading - Essay Example These four studies demonstrate the power of institutions in shaping gender identities through the dominant theme of power between the dominant racial male and the dominated female and other male racial groups, and in order to attain meaningful racial and gender equality changes, the causes of heteronormativity must be determined, followed by recommendations that impact individual mindset and institutional paradigm changes. Powerful institutions create specific gender and race identities and images of sexualities by designing and implementing oppressive gendered and sexualized beliefs, attitudes, policies, and practices. Lindsey Feitz and Joane Nagel understand the connections among race, gender, and sexuality in â€Å"The Militarization of Gender and Sexuality in the Iraq War.† They assert that the American government, specifically through the U.S. Army, produces and reproduces sexual and racial repression through its wartime practices, specifically the sexualization of female soldiers and the promotion of â€Å"female masculinities† (Feitz and Nagel 201). These sexual relations and identities reinforce ideas of heteronormativity, despite the rising number of women soldiers in the U.S. military. Furthermore, what is clear in the sexual industries is the gender and ethnic differences between the dominant racial man and the oppressed sexualized woman, thereby intersecting gender and race issues. Feitz and Nagel underscore gender and race in seeing minorities as sexual objects and as tools of the war. Private First Class Jessica Lynch has gender and race that opposed that of her kidnappers, where the media showed how â€Å"American men [saved] a pretty, young, white American woman from the possible sexual and personal assault by dark and dangerous Iraqis† (Feitz and Nagel 206). The impact of the media coverage in Lynch’s staged rescue attempt is the formulation of racialization in war, apart from the gendering of military women in war. These examples show the role of the military in expressing and implementing oppressive gendered, racial, and sexualized beliefs in their practices. War rape becomes a method for suppressing other races through gender exploitation. The same intersection of ethnicity and gender is present in â€Å"‘Check Me Out’: Queer encounters in Sharif Waked’s Chic Point: Fashion for Israeli Checkpoints.† In this article, Hochberg shows the impact of institutionalized racism on repressed gender and race identities. Sharif Waked’s Chic Point: Fashion for Israeli Checkpoints shows how checkpoints are a new arena of power play for political and gender subjugation because they seek to â€Å"produce the Palestinian body both as a symbol of imminent danger (â€Å"the terrorist†) and as the object of complete subjugation lacking any political agency (â€Å"the occupied†)† (Hochberg 578). These checkpoints demonstrate the sexualization of power even a gainst men, where the othering of Palestinian men (and women) is performed through stripping them and removing them of their privacy, perhaps even dignity. Their racial identities are then sexualized for political purposes that seek to marginalize them and make them feel powerless, physically, sexually and psychologically. These articles demonstrate that these practices and institutions promote oppressed gender and

Power and Politics in the Criminal Justice Organization Essay

Power and Politics in the Criminal Justice Organization - Essay Example Since aims and objectives of criminal justice organizations; the police, the courts and the corrections persist over elongated time periods, the advantages and disadvantages of occupational socializations also increase. Through another perspective, occupational socialization can be seen as legitimate and illegitimate. The legitimate occupational socialization works in favor of criminal justice organization and the illegitimate occupational socialization hinders its working. Criminal justice organizations have both formal and informal settings that provide the team members, the opportunity to interact with one another. Organizational conflict is the clash of interests, needs, and values amongst the various members of the team at the workplace. It can also be understood as the difference of personal and departmental goals (Champion, 2005). Organizational conflict affects the quality of work in criminal justice organizations adversely. Organizational conflict hampers smooth functioning of the criminal justice organizations thus denying or delaying justice to the needy. Conflicts in the criminal justice organizations can primarily emanate from two kinds of causes; personal and professional. The personal reasons can be fired by zeal for fame and concern for higher wages, promotion and reward. On the professional front, conflict can arise from failure to arrive at a consensus, making a wrong decision, etc. A law, a statute, or precedence can be interpreted d ifferently by the criminal justice organization’s administrators and managers giving rise to conflict. Organizational conflicts hamper the speedy working of criminal justice system and can also derail the process of criminal justice. They also lead to unnecessary dissipation of time and energy making the decision making process slow and cumbersome. Power is defined as the ability of an individual or a team

Unit 4 Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Unit 4 Discussion Board - Essay Example Creating the sort of association with the followers probably derive all other associated activities with leadership. In this regard, it therefore not matter whether we need a new generation of leadership as well as new gender. As long as leadership can and should associate itself with the followers, there arises hardly a need to argue for a shift in the ways leadership is pursued and practiced. Though it has been argued that leadership has been viewed and studied with respect to the masculinity (-Metcalfe, 2002) however this is not the fact in its entirety. It must be noted that almost all the leadership whether in the corporate world or in political world was masculine and it was probably because of this reason that the leadership has mostly being studied within that context. In order to be an effective leader, there are various personal traits and qualities which a leader must have in order to be effective. These include from motivating the employees to making decisions of strategic nature. However, these traits are not gender specific in nature however there are certain attributes specific to both male and female leaders which both make them effective in their fields and leadership is largely gender neutral. (Gedney, 1999). However historically the evolution of leadership theories started with the focus on the masculine characteristics of the leaders. The so called Great Man theories of 1930s and 1940s greatly emphasized on the personal characteristics of the leaders including their intelligence, personal charisma etc. The great man theories largely emphasized on the role of males into the leadership however that was an era where there were very few opportunities left for the women to participate into the mainstream economy. Lack of opportunity was the refore the main reason behind the development of theoretical framework which were largely focusing on the masculine characteristics o f the leaders. This has historical connotations also because the

Monetary Policies in Financial Crisis

Monetary Policies in Financial Crisis i) OECD is the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development is an extraordinary gathering where the legislatures of 34 majority rule governments with business sector economies work with one another, and in addition with more than 70 non-part economies to advance monetary development, thriving and reasonable improvement. The association gives a setting where governments can hope to measure up approach encounters, look for answers to normal issues, recognize great practice and direction residential and worldwide strategies. On a basic level, tackling the countrys obligation issues is simple. Very nearly all masters concur that a mix of lessened using and expanded expense incomes is required. Cuts in using and increments in duty incomes equivalent to around 5 percent of GDP are obliged to keep an increment in the obligation to-GDP proportion. The legitimate decision is that just an adjusted methodology to illuminating our obligation emergency, one that incorporates both using cuts and expanded duties, is attainable. That being said, not one or the other using cuts nor expense increments will be politically simple to sanction. Last monetary year, national government using was $3.5 trillion. iii) Credit crunch is the currency market circumstance in which advances are tricky to get. Credit crunch happens typically when a legislature tries to control swelling by forcing limitations on lending’s to customers and little organizations which this can also be called credit press. A credit crunch is regularly created by a maintained time of indiscreet and improper loaning which brings about misfortunes for giving establishments and financial specialists in the red when the advances turn harsh and the full degree of awful obligations gets to be known. Simple credit conditions (in some cases alluded to as pain free income or detached credit) are described by low premium rates for borrowers and loose loaning practices by brokers, making it simple to get economical advances. A credit crunch is the inverse, in which investment rates climb and giving practices tighten. Simple credit conditions implies that finances are promptly accessible to borrowers, which brings about resource co sts climbing if the advanced stores used to purchase resources in a specific business sector, for example, land or stocks. The impact of credit crunch in US is the monetary effect of the home loan emergency and credit crunch will be immense, and it has scarcely started, another study arranged by a few unmistakable economists and discharged Friday has finished up. Criticism from the budgetary business turmoil to the true economy could be considerable, it said. Unless they can rapidly recapitalize, banks are prone to decrease their giving to shoppers and organizations by more than $1 trillion, cutting financial development by more than a rate point throughout the following 12 months. The report was discharged at a gathering on U.S. fiscal approach in New York in which a few senior Federal Reserve authorities and economists were taking part. After an introductory period where a few money related markets appeared resistant from the emergency, the credit crunch is currently assembling storm. The report gauges that the credit crunch is required to push down development by 1.3 rate focuses through the following 12 months. Practically as disturbing is the reports decision that this emergency is remarkable in the archives of U.S. financial history however now may serve as the layout for more emergencies to come. [taken from website- http://www.marketwatch.com/story/big-hit-to-economy-from-credit-crunch-study-says] UK economy had been lending money This credit crunch had led to the fall of the Lehman brothers , the credit emergency emitted in August 2007 with the disappointment of two Bear Stearns Hedge supports, Lehmans stock fell forcefully. Amid that month, the organization dispensed with 2,500 home loan related occupations and close down its BNC unit. Likewise, it additionally shut business locales of Alt-A bank Aurora in three states. Indeed as the revision in the US. lodging business sector picked up energy, Lehman kept on being a significant player in the home loan market. In 2007, Lehman endorsed more home loan sponsored securities than some other firm, aggregating an $85-billion portfolio, or four times its shareholders value. In the final quarter of 2007, Lehmans stock bounced back, as worldwide value markets arrived at new highs and costs for settled salary resources organized a transitory bounce back. Nonetheless, the firm did not take the chance to trim its enormous home loan portfolio, which by and large, would en d up being its last risk. Lehmans breakdown bothered worldwide budgetary markets for a considerable length of time, given the span of the organization and its status as an issue player in the US. furthermore globally. Numerous scrutinized the U.s. governments choice to let Lehman fall flat, as contrasted with its implied backing for Bear Stearns (which was procured by JPMorgan Chase) in March 2008. Lehmans insolvency prompted more than $46 billion of its market worth being wiped out. Its crumple additionally served as the impetus for the buy of Merrill Lynch by Bank of America in a crisis bargain that was likewise advertised on September 15. The solution to credit crunch can be seen through the monetary policy BIBLIOGRAPHY INVESTOPEDIA STAFF. ().Case Study: The Collapse of Lehman Brothers.Available: http://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/lehman-brothers-collapse.asp. Last accessed 23/11/2014. Gregg rob. (2008).Impact fromcreditcrunch will be huge, study says. Available: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/big-hit-to-economy-from-credit-crunch-study-says. Last accessed 23/11/2014 Chris Talbot . (18 February 2008).The impact of the credit crunch on British workers.Available: http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2008/02/cred-f18.html. Last accessed 24/11/2014. Andrew Reschovsky. ().solving Americas debt crisis.Available: http://econbrowser.com/archives/2011/11/solving_america_1. Last accessed 24/11/2014.

Geography of Aruba :: essays papers

Geography of Aruba While there is an abundance of reasons to travel to Aruba the geography and climate are certainly the most important and attractive. The island of Aruba is located just 19 miles North of Venezuela in the Caribbean Sea and neighbors another Dutch Island, Curacao The geographic coordinates (for the technical people) are 12 30 N, 69 58 W(Archaelogical Museum, 3). The Island itself is rather small, being only 193 square kilometers which is slightly larger than Washington D.C. However, the cement streets of our nations capital are nothing compared to the 68 kilometers of coastline, which is sandy, white on the south side and rough, jagged rock on the north. This island, like many in the Caribbean has become a tourist hotspot for its tropical marine climate, with minimal seasonal temperature variation. A major reason why Aruba has become so popular is due to the fact that it lies on the outside of the Caribbean hurricane belt. The average temperature in Aruba is 81 degree’s, which makes the river less countryside dry, with scarce vegetation. The terrain is flat, with very few hills. However, the largest mountain on the Island is Mount Jamanota standing tall at 188 Meters. Aruba’s geography is rather simple to understand because the island is so small. Geologically, Aruba is more complex. The geological formation of Aruba’s geography is composed of three major rock groups; Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. To the reader who just looks at the textbook, this means that Aruba (the Island) was there long before the late 15th century when the Spanish first came here. Actually, Aruba was formed from the process of volcanism some 90-95 million years ago. The Island of Aruba is the result of lava hardening from a volcano that occurred almost 100 million years ago underwater. Eventually sediments formed new types of rocks, which came to the surface and began the process of island building. On the Island today the north coast is made up of a jagged coastline filled with all sorts of rocks. â€Å"Limestone’s are the youngest rocks that make up Aruba and that surround the islands older rocks. Limestone formed after and on top of the older rocks.† (Archaeological Museum Aruba, 3) While limestone is very common rock on Aruba, a white and black speckled plutonic rock called quartzdiorite is also another prevalent part of the landscape. Geography of Aruba :: essays papers Geography of Aruba While there is an abundance of reasons to travel to Aruba the geography and climate are certainly the most important and attractive. The island of Aruba is located just 19 miles North of Venezuela in the Caribbean Sea and neighbors another Dutch Island, Curacao The geographic coordinates (for the technical people) are 12 30 N, 69 58 W(Archaelogical Museum, 3). The Island itself is rather small, being only 193 square kilometers which is slightly larger than Washington D.C. However, the cement streets of our nations capital are nothing compared to the 68 kilometers of coastline, which is sandy, white on the south side and rough, jagged rock on the north. This island, like many in the Caribbean has become a tourist hotspot for its tropical marine climate, with minimal seasonal temperature variation. A major reason why Aruba has become so popular is due to the fact that it lies on the outside of the Caribbean hurricane belt. The average temperature in Aruba is 81 degree’s, which makes the river less countryside dry, with scarce vegetation. The terrain is flat, with very few hills. However, the largest mountain on the Island is Mount Jamanota standing tall at 188 Meters. Aruba’s geography is rather simple to understand because the island is so small. Geologically, Aruba is more complex. The geological formation of Aruba’s geography is composed of three major rock groups; Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. To the reader who just looks at the textbook, this means that Aruba (the Island) was there long before the late 15th century when the Spanish first came here. Actually, Aruba was formed from the process of volcanism some 90-95 million years ago. The Island of Aruba is the result of lava hardening from a volcano that occurred almost 100 million years ago underwater. Eventually sediments formed new types of rocks, which came to the surface and began the process of island building. On the Island today the north coast is made up of a jagged coastline filled with all sorts of rocks. â€Å"Limestone’s are the youngest rocks that make up Aruba and that surround the islands older rocks. Limestone formed after and on top of the older rocks.† (Archaeological Museum Aruba, 3) While limestone is very common rock on Aruba, a white and black speckled plutonic rock called quartzdiorite is also another prevalent part of the landscape.

School and Workplace Violence

Violence in schools and at workplaces is a common incidence in the American community. They are indeed a major threat to the guarantee of health and safety security in these crucial institutions of our nation’s economy. There are a number of events which can lead to school or workplace violence such as unfavorable environmental and interpersonal relationships between mates (Anthony, 2000). Just like any other act of violence in the community, law enforcement agencies are bound to safe the life of the victims and arrest the offender for interrogation. Due to our nation’s concern for the sustainable safety of the people, many rules, regulations, and practices have been developed to mitigate the problem. This essay is written as a discussion on school and workplace violence. The author identifies the events, facts and those involved in violence as well as how law enforcement respond to such incidences. A discussion on changes that have been made by those made by the institutions affected by violence incidents is also given. Workplace or school violence has been defined as any act of violence physical or psychological that as the end result of compromising the health and/or safety security of the victims (Rugala, 2003). Therefore, workplace and school violence encompasses; physical or threat of physical violence, harassment, and even intimidation. However, the most common form of violence is homicide (Kelleher, 1996). According to available statistics, such incidences can affect or involve staff, students (workers), and visitors. There are a number of events which can lead to violence at workplace or schools. First are poor interpersonal relations among individuals (Anthony, 2000). Understanding and appreciating others in a society is an important factor in the realization of sustainable relationships. Just to be stated here is the fact that different people have different worldviews as well as different ways of reacting to issues and circumstances. However, strong interpersonal relations serve to control risks of overreaction by enhancing communication (Anthony, 2000). Therefore, lack effective interpersonal relationships can lead to violence. Another event that can lead to violence is peer influence (Hunt, 2010). According to available research findings, most incidents of violence among students or workers are influence by groupthink mentality (Hunt, 2010). Just to be stated here is the fact the association can have the psychological impact of compromising individual reasoning and judgmental ability. Discriminative behavior can also cause violence. School of workplace bullying based on race, social-economic and personality are cited as having a major role in causing violence (Wodarski, Roberts & Rapp-Paglicci, 2002). This is because they can result to stress and depression on the victims, thus resulting into revenge mentality. School and workplace violence is marked with numerous facts. First, they threaten the health and safety of those involved. Homicide is the leading cause of fatal injuries in schools and workplace (Hunt, 2010). Such include school or workplace shootings and/or stabbing. Therefore, violence in such institutions can be attributed to prior threats rather than instantaneous reactions. It is due to this reason that threat assessment is found to be a crucial tool for preventing violence. Another fact is that most incidents of violence are caused by lack of proper institutional policies (Wodarski, Roberts & Rapp-Paglicci, 2002). Violence like harassment and intimidation are common between management and staff or students. Just to be noted is that the management must serve as a role model for the other members of the organization. Therefore, failing to ensuring respect for the personality, ethnical and cultural diversity in the organization evidently serves to influence workers and/or students negatively. According to statistic on incidents of school and workplace violence, most of the cases involve indoor members (Rugala, 2003). This has been closely attributed to the fact that it is in the institution where conflict among members can be more pronounced. Based on this, most offenders on incidents of homicide are students or workers (Rugala, 2003). On the other hand, in incidents of harassment and intimidation, the common offenders are the institutional managers such as teachers and company managers (Kelleher, 1996). This is closely attributed to misuse of power by instituting oppressive or discriminative behaviors towards certain members. Visitors are also common offenders particularly for homicide incidents but can also be victims of intimidation and harassment by members of the organization (Rugala, 2003). It is the sole purpose of the law enforcement agents to ensure the rule of law in the society. Incidents of school and workplace violence particularly homicide and assault are legally regarded as criminal offenses (Rugala, 2003). Therefore, the initial response by law enforcement is usually to intervene to save the life of the victim and arrest the offender for interrogation (Wodarski, Roberts & Rapp-Paglicci, 2002). This is important not only in mitigating further health and safety harm to the victims but also for setting the initial step towards the realization of justice for the incident. However, the process of realizing justice for violence incident requires adequate investigations not only to collect evidence for criminal charges against the offenders but also to seek lasting solutions to such incidents in the institution (Rugala, 2003). This is why law enforcement engages with members for establishing how, why and who were involved in the incidents. Still, since some incidents occur without the presence of law enforcement agents, the process of investigation can involve forensic crime analysis. This is mainly used as a technical way of qualifying evidence given by witnesses of the incident thus enhancing its admissibility during prosecution. Incidents of school and workplace violence have evidently led to many changes to those affected. First, the government, as the sole custodian of the people, has engaged in the development of effective rules and regulations for enhancing workplace and school safety (Anthony, 2000). Such actions by the government have led to the founding of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) which seeks to educate institutions on the importance of having an environment free of violence for workers (Wodarski, Roberts & Rapp-Paglicci, 2002). On the side of law enforcement, incident prone zones are usually marked with presence of police as a measure of ensuring fast and effective response to acts of violence. Another change is that most organizations respond to violence incidents by sucking the offender and developing anti-violence policies. Creating awareness among the parties involved in an institution is quite important (Anthony, 2000). Therefore, most of these anti-violence policies by organization are mainly tailored to advice people of how to identify and report or prevent violence threat incidents. An example is the requirement for training employees to be resources of the Employee Assistance Program (Anthony, 2000). In conclusion school and workplace violence incidents are evidently preventable mainly due to their predictable nature (Rugala, 2003). It is due to this reason that all stakeholders should cooperate in the identification and finding viable solutions to the problem. Such an effective strategy should involve creation of awareness and development of stiffer rules and regulation to govern school and workplace conduct. Still important is that institutions should engage in efforts for establishing an anti-violence corporate culture for the sustainable future of school and workplace safety. References Anthony, B. (2000). Violence in the Workplace. A Prevention and Management Guide for Business. Oxnard, CA: Pathfinder Publishing. Inc. Hunt, O. (2010). School and Workplace Violence. Retrieved March 27, 2010, from http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/204655/careers_and_job_hunting/school_and_workplace_violence.html Kelleher, M. (1996). New Arenas for Violence: Homicide in the American Workplace. Westport, CT: Praeger. Rugala, E. (2003). Work Place Violence: Issue in Response. Retrieved March 27, 2010, from http://www.fbi.gov/publications/violence.pdf Wodarski, J., Roberts, A., & Rapp-Paglicci, L. (2002). Handbook of Violence. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Inc.

Something about Basketball Essay Example

Something about Basketball Essay Example Something about Basketball Essay Something about Basketball Essay Good afternoon everybody today is my great award to be here to give my address to all of you. My subject is something about hoops. It was my really first clip playing hoops when I was in primary school. At that clip. I even didn’t regard hoops as a sort of athleticss ; I merely bask the clip playing hoops with my friends after school and that is my happy clip mundane. So now you see the consequence. I grow higher than others and this should lend to basketball. Then it turns to high school. I started to watch NBA and acquire to cognize something professional about hoops and Iverson is my favourite ace. Gradually. I found that there were a batch of male childs in my category merely the same as me. They are addicted to playing hoops and they went downstairs playing it in about every interruption. It seems that they have more energetic than me but shortly I joined them and you can see me in the resort area everyday every bit shortly as the category is over. Always we went back to hold categories with perspiration and forgot holding dinner. We love to vie with whomever in the resort area and at this clip. there would be a batch of misss standing near to hearten for us and you know this is my favourite clip and it seems that I have more energy than of all time. Because there are tonss of cats enjoy playing hoops in our classs. we decided to form a hoops competition. Every category should put up a hoops squad and every squad will vie with each other eventually there will be merely one squad win the game. During that clip. we prepare for the game frantically and everyone of our squad uses our whole strength and power to vie against the rival. We reached the concluding finish nearer and nearer and we get more and more aroused. You can see a batch of people. particularly a batch of misss shouting for us. heartening for us and about shouting for us. I should state I enjoyed the clip. Finally. we got it. we are the figure one! I can’t bury the twenty-four hours we got the cup and set it in our schoolroom. Everyone in my category was so aroused and moved and one of my teammate even moved into cryings. Since so. hoops becomes one of the most of import parts in my life. After all it is high school ; we must utilize all our bosom in survey so that we can travel to a good university and have a bright hereafter. Our force per unit area has gained bit by bit as clip goes by and when it turns to rate three. we made a determination. The cat in my category decided non to play hoops for one twelvemonth merely in order to fix for our entryway test. I about want to shout when we played the hoops for the last clip. Can you conceive of what a elephantine forfeit we have made merely for our hereafter? However. we have no pick but spare all our attempts on survey. Because we can’t play hoops as earlier. the lone manner we can make to maintain in touch with it is concern the intelligence of NBA. However. we didn’t have a Television in our schoolroom. so during every interruption you can see batch of male childs concealing under the desk to surf the cyberspace and seek for the intelligence of NBA. We will discourse which squad is our favourite and what’s the mark now and go on maintain our eyes on the competition and together avoid being caught by our instructor for the school didn’t allow conveying a cell phone to school. Though being difficult. I still bask the clip when we are acquiring together. Basketball plays a so of import function in my life. non merely because I enjoyed the clip when playing it. but besides it brings me a batch of memory. It let me believe about my high school twelvemonth and the clip we experienced together and my brothers. I truly lose them! That is all. thanks for listening.

Informative Essay Sample on Archimedes The Key Information to Know

Informative Essay Sample on Archimedes The Key Information to Know Example essay on Archimedes Archimedes was born on 287 B.C. in Syracuse, Sicily. He was the son of Phidias, an astronomer. Archimedes spent his entire life in his birthplace, he was a master in mathematics, and he spent most of his time contemplating new problems to solve, some days he got so involved in his work he completely forgot to eat. He didnt have blackboards or paper like we do today, so he used dust on the ground, to ashes from an extinguished fire to do his work. Most of his fame came from his relationship with the king of Syracuse, Hiero, and Gelon, the kings son, Archimedes may have been related to the monarch, he made a hobby out of solving the kings most complex problems. One day the king ordered a crown to be made out of gold, when it was fashioned, it had the right look and weight, but he suspected that it was not made entirely of gold. He asked Archimedes to solve it, while he was considering the problem; he got into his bathtub, and saw that the amount of water that overflowed the bath was th e equivalent to how much of his body was underwater. This observation is known as Archimedes Principal, and this gave him the resources to figure out the kings dilemma, he was so excited, he ran through the streets naked screaming Eureka, Eureka! which in English, translates to I have found it! He then found out that the goldsmith was a fraud and brought him to justice. Throughout the rest of Archimedes life, he spent his time making inventions to improve the quality of life. Nearing the end of his life, his friend Hiero, the king, asked him to create weapons to defend the city. During an attack, Archimedes had invented a catapult, cranes to lift ships out of the sea, and large mirrors that reflect the suns light to burn attacking ships. After an eight month battle, the weapons fell and the city was taken, Archimedes was slain by a Roman soldier, he died on 212 B.C. When he was buried, the townspeople placed on his tombstone, the figure of a sphere inside a cylinder and the 2:3 rati o of the volumes between them, this was what he considered to be his greatest achievement.

Critically assess Michel Foucault's contribution to the Essay

Critically assess Michel Foucault's contribution to the structure-agency debate - Essay Example Most sociologists, from Durkheim to Talcott Parsons and Radcliffe Brown focus on the standard structures of societies for explaining behaviour patterns. The wider acceptance of the social-structural explanations of identity is attributed to the fact that unlike an individual’s characteristics, social structure is represented by an elaborate conceptual framework (Cote & Levine, 2002: 46). However, it will be seen that sociologists such as Cooley, Blumer, Goffman and Garfinkel emphasise the significance of agency, the symbolic nature of human interaction and the ways in which humans negotiate roles and meanings on an on-going basis. According to Foucault, modern society is highly differentiated and fragmented. Power is not a commodity which can be acquired, nor is it the property of an individual or class, it is rather a structural phenomenon, an extensive network which is all-encompassing. Foucault’s view of modernity is that there exist many centres of power, and connections between various areas of power. This approach is in contrast to the Marxist emphasis and focus on the class struggle and the state, as the centres of power. Further, the mode of production, the work and the industrial sphere that Marx identified as central to power, is different from the Foucaultian view of power as existing in several different social settings and locations (Layder, 2006: 125, 126). The intellectual movement of the eighteenth century, termed as the Enlightenment developed the concept of â€Å"modernity† along with a range of disciplines which constitute the social sciences, forming the modern conception of knowledge (Billington, 1998: 6). Dawe (1970: 208) states that to solve the problem of social order the Hobbesian approach to human nature, which is: â€Å"in the absence of external constraint, the pursuit of private interests and desires leads invevitably to both social and individual disintegration† was taken into

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Assignment Example Couple that with the differences in government country by country, in addition to various cultural differences, and the mutual understanding of these regional differences become even more important as we move through the 21st century. There are eight commonly defined regions in the world today, each with multiple states and cultures represented. What follows is a brief synopsis of one state in each region, its form of government, and the state of its economic growth in relation to the rest of the region. European Region Europe is typically divided into two or three separate regions due to its vast landscape, population, and cultural differences. For the purposes of the comparison, however, let us just focus on the country of Romania. The government of Romania is a form of a republic, drastically changed from the form of government in place prior to 1991. Today, Romania is in the European Union, pledging to maintain a form of democracy in their country. The president of Romania is ele cted by a popular and democratic vote. This office does have a term limitation of two terms, of five years each. Like much of Europe, the legislative body in Romania is dominated the by the Parliament, which has two distinct houses, both contained members elected via the democratic process. Romania has a sizeable military for a country of its size. . They spend 1.9% of their GDP on the military annually, which ranks them 76th in the world in terms of expenditures. While Romania has recently entered the European Union, its economy is still lagging behind that of other countries in the region. Widespread poverty exists and the country has had to receive economic reform packages from the World Bank to stay solvent. Their per capita GDP is $12,500, which ranks it 98th in the world. North American Region Mexico is a country in the North American region that has been relatively stable for decades now, even though it has its share of tumultuous times. The current system of government is th at of a federation and has been in existence since 1917. The government is representative of the people and is a hybrid of the democratic and republic forms of government. Mexico has a democracy, where the president and members of the legislative body must be elected to office by a democratic vote of the people. The Mexican military is quite sizeable due to its policy of compulsory service. All eligible males are expected to serve for a minimum of 12 months. Beyond this, however, Mexico spends little on their military – only 0.5% of their GDP. This ranks them 159th in the world. They depend on their allies, namely the United States, for assurances of protection from potential threats. Mexico’s economy has benefited from the North American Free Trade Agreement and continues to grow annually. While they are the poorest country in this region of states, their annual GDP is $14,700. This ranks them as 86th in the world. Latin American Region Let us focus on the country of Ecuador when discussing states in the Latin American region. Like most countries in this region, a democratically elected president governs Ecuador. An interesting fact about Ecuador’s democracy is that voting is actually mandatory for any citizen aged 18-65 who can read. There are 130 members of the legislative branch of government, representing all provinces of Ecuador. Each of these members are elected by the people as well, serving out four year terms. Ecuador has a well-established army, navy,

BHS 455 (Computer & Information Systems) Module 2 SLP Essay

BHS 455 (Computer & Information Systems) Module 2 SLP - Essay Example Now the aim of this module is to select the better information system communication technology that will involve the data and information collection and processing areas. Here I will describe the information exchange procedure and its purpose. This research will also outline the key Inputs, Processes and Outputs that are used in the overall communication system. UHB (University Hospital Birmingham) is the healthcare organization I have selected for the assessment for which we are going to implement the information technology system. UHB (University Hospital Birmingham) Foundation Trust was honored a excellent ranking for excellence of service as well as outstanding for utilize of resources regarding the patients life safety, this rating is established by the Healthcare Commission yearly Health repot 2007. Here I will outline the main departmental and organization structure of the University Hospital Birmingham. This departmental division will provide a great help regarding the technology needs assessment and technology implementation areas. This will also help us to outline the important data and information areas from where we can access the data for the better organizational data and information utilize. The basic aim of development of health care management and handling system is to provide a better working platform to the business and managing the hospital in a better way. For the University Hospital Birmingham it is really essential, because for such huge business we need a system that can centralize the whole working departments and management areas. The manual management of such system is really difficult so we need a system with better management capabilities, so there is great need of inter-departmental communication for the effective management of staffing, resources, treatment, finances, and demand, need and supply. We have planned an information system structure that will comprise the organizational LAN (Local

Perception of Depression amongst North American and African Cultures Essay Example for Free

Perception of Depression amongst North American and African Cultures Essay Depression or â€Å"Unipolar depression is another name for Major Depressive disorder. It is a mood disorder characterized by depressed mood, it often manifests in lack of interest in family, school and social life, changes in eating and sleeping habits, emotional and medical disregard for the self, difficulty in concentrating, and loss of interest in life† (Rush, 2007).   Just like any other pathological disease, it has risk factors, signs and symptoms, and a natural course. Like any other disease it can be treated with proper medical and psychological therapy. Yet it is not perceived as such by the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is remarkable lack of awareness about depression in the communities, in spite of the staggering statistics about the disorder. Unipolar depression affects 7-18% of the American population at least once before the age of 40 (Kassler, McGonagle Zhao, 1994). In the United States alone, the number of females are reported to be suffering from clinical depression (Murray, 1997). It has also been observed that 2.5 percent of children and 8.3 percent of adolescents are depressed at any given time. These rates are considerably higher than the figure of the past decades (Depression Statistics Information, Internet). Yet, it has been found that only 20 percent of depressed people undergo medical treatment (Depression Statistics Information). This is caused by numerous reasons with ignorance or lack of concern and awareness about the disorder considered as the biggest suspect.   In fact, a United States surgeon general report   in the Hispanic community states that less than 10 percent of the mentally ill people will ever approach a mental clinic (U.S. Department of Health, 2000). This is possibly the result of lack of concern on their part, or due to the fact that in the Hispanic communitys, non-medical methods of   treatment for the depressed. It is imperative that we find out whether other communities also show a similar of lack of awareness and concern about depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social Science medicine attempts to find cultural differences in the conceptual models of depression by an interviewed with North American immigrants and African Americans (Karasz, 2005) . His study demonstrated that Americans were more of the view that depression was a pathological disease of the body just like any other disease and required medical therapy. According to the author, the people from the African community were more likely to explain depression in terms of a social and moral problems and conformed to the belief that self management was the right way to deal with the issue of depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Different communities have different perceptions about the disease, people of certain cultures prefer going to spiritual healers rather than seek medical attention (Nayem, 2005). Some cultures prefer to treat this ailment with alternative therapies to allopathic ones.   Depression, though a serious and debilitating disease, does not command the same attention as other medical disorders like heart disease, Parkinson’s disease, or even obesity. According to Pasacreta (2008) there has been little attention given to depression and its consequences when we compare it with other diseases. For example obesity has been associated with diabetes many times. Even though depression also has a similar association with type II diabetes, not many people are aware of this fact.   Since public concern is lacking in communities, many depressed people fail to come forward, and receive proper treatment. If this trend continues prevalence of depression will continue to rise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the attitudes of different cultures may vary toward the disease, it does not change the fact that â€Å"depression poses enormous costs for individual, family, and the society† (Nayem F, 2005). Depression is a severe disease with far reaching effects, starting from the patient, who may inflict self harm, leading to a family life, which cannot function in the same way as before (Scott, 2003). There has been research demonstrating depression as a burrden to people, communities, and health services as the treatment is long term and the patient has little or no productivity to society (Nayem, 2005). This research further highlights the need to conduct a survey to assess the perception of depression across various cultures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People are unaware of the magnitude of the problem and its economic implications. In certain cultures, inability to diagnose the disease or disregard of its seriousness lead to delayed medical opinion and treatment. Through this study, we will try to substantiate the various levels of awareness that different cultures have about the disease. The severity of depression usually gets aggravated if it is not treated promptly after diagnosis. This leads to a greater burden on the country. Scott (2003) echoed this sentiment when he stated â€Å"In the National Health Service the cost of treating depression ( £887 million) exceeds the cost of treating both hypertension ( £439 million) and diabetes ( £300 million). However, here, the direct health care costs are dwarfed by the indirect costs (i.e. days lost from work owing to depression exceed all other disorders and the economic burden on family members and society is considerable).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     North American and African cultures both differ in there perceptions about depression as a disease. Different cultures may feel that depression is a problem but western cultures are more likely to view it as a disease which needs medical therapy just like any other, whereas the people from the non western culture will perceive depression as more of a social and moral problem which requires self-management. There will generally be a lack of knowledge about depression as a disease in the non western community.   The false beliefs and stigmas will be more present in non western cultures as compared to their western counterparts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How widespread is serious depression? According to Dr. Nathan S. Kline of the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, â€Å"it has been estimated that 15 per cent of the adult population of the United States has some degree of depression which is serious enough to be in need of treatment. This amounts to about 20 million people, which makes it not only the most frequent psychological disorder but also one of the most common of all serious medical conditions.† Depression is so widespread that it has been called â€Å"the common cold of mental disturbances.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies report that women outstrip men in suffering from depression by a ratio of about 2 to 1, though some claim that this is because women are more willing to admit that they are depressed. Depression afflicts all races and every social and economic level. While the malady is most common between the ages of sixty and seventy, it strikes all age groups and has been rising among persons in their twenties. Why do so many millions of persons suffer from depression?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Much study has gone into uncovering the root causes of mental depression. Flaws in human society constitute one main source of the problem. Illustrating an aspect of this are comments by Dr. John Schwab, of the University of Florida College of Medicine: â€Å"We’re in an era of change right now. Old values such as the old work ethic are being rejected and people are caught in an ideological vacuum. Kids see that the fruits of four hundred years of scientific progress may be more bitter than sweet—but they don’t know what to put in its place, and consequently there is a sense of futility.† Because of this, many disillusioned youngsters seek â€Å"escape† through drugs and other means. â€Å"The search for highs among the young,† observes Dr. Schwab, â€Å"is often only a flight from the lows.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also contributing to the rise in depression is â€Å"supermobility.† Families that keep changing their places of residence, hopping about from house to house and city to city, do not stay in one place long enough to build solid relationships with other people. A psychiatrist at the Massachusetts Mental Health Center wrote: â€Å"Psychiatrists around Boston have been aware for some time of what is called ‘the Route 128 syndrome’ or in Florida ‘the Cape Kennedy syndrome.’ It is found in young families who have moved too much, and its components are a husband too centered in his career, a depressed wife and troubled children.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sometimes depression results when a person reaches a â€Å"plateau† in his life after many years of painstaking labor. A hard-driving business executive may finally achieve the top position in his company, only to realize that he no longer has a goal in life. Housewives in their forties and fifties often suffer from what psychiatrists call â€Å"empty nest syndrome.† By this time their children usually have grown up, their husbands are at work for most of each day and they must face lonely hours in houses devoid of people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What about the feelings of inferiority that often accompany depression? Here too the responsibility may rest with human society. How so? Because it is often at a tender age that children are made to feel unattractive. Their peers may ridicule them if they are unable to do what the majority consider the â€Å"in† thing. If a youngster tends to be clumsy and uncoordinated, schoolmates and playmates can influence the child to believe that he â€Å"can’t do anything right.† Children of this type often combine the generalization: â€Å"I am weak,† with the value judgment: â€Å"It’s disgusting to be weak.† Such youths are likely candidates for depression. Method    Participants   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Approximately 40 students (20 western, 20 international) students from a Midwest liberal arts college will participate in this study. All of them would be selected using randomized sampling. Participants will be offered candy for the completion of the survey. Materials    The survey questionnaire will consist of questions related to assessment of knowledge and attitudes towards depression and a demographic data form. The survey forms will contain closed ended questions only. It will consist of 3 parts.   The first section will consist of demographic questions to gather information about the participants: How long have they lived here. Have they adopted the western culture of living or not. The second part will consist of closed questions. The participants will have to choose from the given options in the questionnaires. There will be questions that ask whether they consider depression to be a serious disease. Whether they believe it is a disease of the mind, body, or mind and body. Questions related to stigma would also be included for example do they believe mentally ill people are more aggressive than others? Do they believe mental illnesses are not as severe as physical ones? Do they believe depressed people can be cured with drugs only, or do they require social and community help? Moreover, to support the validation of the results of the survey, the review of literature to be utilized within the research shall show a specific scale of measure that is used by psychologists to identify the behavior of humans with regards to depression from different cultures all over the world. Procedure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is imperative to find out exactly how different cultures perceive depression as a disease. The researcher plans on conducting this research. This research will deal with the perception of depression as a disease amongst western and non western cultures. The research will also look into the level of awareness in different cultures about the prevalence of disease in their societies. This research will try to substantiate if the perception of depression varies with different cultures.   To complete the said aim, the research will be conducted on campus.   Participants will be debriefed on the study being researched. The researcher would then have the participants sign a consent form before they participate in the study. After which, a survey kit would then be handed out to them and they would be given three days to return them back. Data analysis A one way ANOVA would be conducted to analyze the data. Since we have two independent sample populations and more than two variables. This will allow for the comparison of attitudes about depression for members of Western and non-Western cultures. Using the ANOVA we can calculate whether the stated answers have associations with either the western or non western societies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References Depression Information and Fact Statistics (2008), Depression statistics and information, retrieved on February 13, 2008, from http://www.add-adhd-help-center.com/Depression/statistics.htm Haasen C, Levit O, Gelbert A, Foroutan N, Norovjav A, Sinaa M, et.al, (2007), Relationship between mental distress and acculturation among migrants, psychrische praxis,    retrieved on February 13, 2008, from the NCBI database on   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez Karasz, A. (2005), Cultural differences in conceptual models of depression, Social Science medicine, 60, 1625-35, retrieved on February 13, 2008, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15652693?dopt=Abstractholding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn Kessler, R., McGonagle K,, Zhao S, et al. (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry;51:8-19. Murray, C., Lopez, A.D. (1997). Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 349 Neem F, Ayub M., Izhar N, Javed Z, et al (2005). Stigma and knowledge of depression, Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 21(2) 155-158. Pasacreta. J, (2008), Depression: Is society taking the wrong approach? , retrieved on February 13, 2008, from http://www.helium.com/tm/646939/novel-approach-managing-depression Scott, J. (2003), Global burden of depression: the intersection of culture and medicine, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 183: 92-94, retrieved on February 13, 2008, from http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/183/2/92 U.S. Department of Health Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General. Mental Health: Culture, Race, Ethnicity Supplement, A Report of the Surgeon General 1999.from: http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/cre/default.asp.

The Battle of the Sexes Continue in The Revolt Of Mother Essay

The Battle of the Sexes Continue in The Revolt Of Mother   Ã‚  Ã‚   "Unsolicited opportunities are the guide-posts of the Lord to the new roads of life." This quote from Mary E. Wilkins Freeman's "The Revolt Of 'Mother"' exemplifies the independent and rebellious spirit of the main character, Sarah Penn. Because Sarah Penn's behavior is unorthodox for a woman of the nineteenth century, the author constantly compared her to similar historical figures.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Mrs. Penn is baking her husband's favorite mince pies, we become aware of the first historical relationship. The author described her face as "full of meek vigor which might have characterized one of the New Testament saints." The author continues to express that "however deep a resentment she might be forced to hold against her husband, she would never fail in sedulous attention to his wants." These statements show that Sarah is as loyal, passive, and loving as a pious saint. The comparison also points out her forgiving nature which allows her to be loving and cooperative with her husband despite any differences they may have.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second reference to a historical figure comes when Sarah calls to Adoniram, her husband, to stop his work and speak with her. When he repeatedly refuses to talk with her, she exclaims, "Father, you come here," in a voice which booms with authority. Even her stance is as regal as her inflections, for she stands in the doorway holding her head as if she were wearing a crown. Despite her original intentions, this dignified behavior doesn't last long. As she is expressing her feelings about her husband's new barn, her stance turns to that of a humble woman from Scripture. This sudden change in behavior represents her volatil... ...the man's world, she continues to do her feminine, domestic chores and tries her best to make Adoniram happy. This proves that she has fought the battle and was now ready to make peace. However, the peace making has to be on Adoniram's part. After Adoniram finds out about his wife's defiance, he goes out into the twilight and looks out over the fields. By observing nature, Adoniram is acknowledging the power and beauty of women, which enables him to decide to put up the partitions to make a more suitable house for Sarah. By respecting the feelings and opinions of his wife, he unites the woman's home and man's technology, and in a sense makes peace between man and woman in the battle of the sexes.    Work Cited Freeman, Mary E. Wilkins. "The Revolt of 'Mother.'" Responding to Literature. Ed. Judith A. Stanford. Mountain View: Mayfield, 1996. 555-567.   

Theme of Forgiveness in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Theme of Forgiveness in The Scarlet Letter "The public is despotic in its temper; it is capable of denying common justice when too strenuously demanded as a right; but quite as frequently it awards more than justice when the appeal is made, as despots love to have it made entirely to it's generosity." The Scarlet Letter (156) One of themes that Hawthorne conveys in The Scarlet Letter is that society is more willing to forgive people who ask for forgiveness with humility and generosity than those who demanded it as a right. This theme was conveys using Hester Prynne, a young women who committed adultery. This was considered to be one of the worst crime someone could commit in the Puritan society during the eighteen hundreds, where she resides in. As punishment, Hester was required to wear a scarlet letter "A" upon her garment in order for everyone to recognize her crime. Her society had condemn her, they believed that she "has brought shame upon all of us, and ought to die..."(59) Yet, as time went by, because of the way in which Hester carried herself wearing the scarlet letter, the symbol had taken a new meaning. Although, when the scarlet letter was first place on her bosom it was a symbol of Hester's crime, burden, seclusion, and shame. However, as a result of Hester's generosit y and humility the scarlet letter had come to symbolize Hester's strength, philanthropy, and gained her very high respectability in her society. "Let her cover the mark as she will, the pang of it will be always in her heart."(59). The scarlet letter was place upon Hester Prynne bosom as a punishment for the crime she committed; the letter A to signified adulteress. The letter A on her bosom was there as a reminder the townspeople, strangers and Hester herself of the crime she committed. Likewise, it was there to ensure that such a crime would not again befell upon their Puritan community. " "Drink, then," replied he, still with the same cold composure. "Dost thou know me so little, Hester Prynne? Are my purposes wont to be so shallow? Even if I imagine a scheme of vengeance, what could I do better for my object than to let thee live-than to give thee medicines against all harm and peril of life so that this burning Shame may still blaze upon thy bosom?

Electronic gadgets Essay

Technology has become a very important part of our lives nowadays. During the past few years, technology has evolved in many ways and is probably without a doubt better than ever before. People are always trying to find something new that will improve our lives dramatically. Some of the creations that have really changed our lives are the computer, telephone, internet and electronic mail, television, cell phone and voice mail. Everything has a positive and a negative effect on our lives and so does technology. Technology may be very helpful but it can sometimes be very harmful. In our modern society, people can’t see themselves without computers. see more:life without modern gadgets article Computers have evolved so much during the past years. They used to be bulky, expensive and not very reliable machine but nowadays there are fast, small and affordable and nearly every family has a computer. With computers you can browse over the internet and look for information about a subject instead of having to do read books at the library or read the newspaper. This image was selected as a picture of the week o†¦ Nowadays mostly everything is available on the internet. You can even do your Christmas shopping over the internet instead of having to spend a long time waiting at the malls. Electronic mails can be sent over a network and it’s much faster and takes up less time than to have to write a letter and then send it and the person would have to wait a day or more to get your letter. Cell phones are also very useful gadgets as people can reach you wherever you are. In case of emergency people can contact you even if you’re not at home. When you have a computer you can just store your files on your hard drive and it can be retrieved at any time. It’s also much easier†¦

Discrimination1 essays

Discrimination1 essays The crossing of the Mississippi was a depressing experience for Indians and Women, the minorities, in the 1800s. The long and harsh journey over scourging desserts, rock-strewn mountains, and icy rivers caused sadness and despair to both groups of people. The first group of people that moved west was forced to leave their homeland, Georgia. These Indians had developed an admirable culture and were civil humans. They adopted the white mans ways by wearing their type of clothing, learning to read and write, and even practicing the white mans religion (295). Major William M. Davis even said, The Cherokees are a peaceable, harmless, people...(298). The man behind all of this turmoil for Indians to move west was President Andrew Jackson. He even said as an election slogan, that if you vote for me, Id make sure all those Indians are removed. Unfortunately he is elected and carries out his promise of the elimination. This treaty was known as the Indian Removal Act. By force the Indians were hauled out of their homeland to a foreign land with just the clothes on their back. After many loads of Indians were forcefully removed, the Indians wanted to move on their own peacefully. They started the Trail of Tears. During this long ex hausting trip, there was little food and the water was contaminated (299). By the end of this journey over 4,000 lives were over due to the grueling passage to the west (302). The women back in the 1800s were treated with a little more respect than the Indians, but clearly not equal to the male. After the faith of Manifest Destiny, a belief that Americans have the right to expand and explore across the entire continent, people started to head west. The funny thing about this was, the Americans had just pushed away the Indians, and now their following them out to the west, right after Jackson said they would not be disturbed ever again. What the ...

Rise and Fall of Protectionis Essays

Rise and Fall of Protectionis Essays Rise and Fall of Protectionis Essay Rise and Fall of Protectionis Essay 1995); work on global environmental commons; and the emergence of social exclusion as a concept of deprivation (Gore, 1996b). The spatial frame shift is likely to be linked to the re-introduction of a historical perspective, which is already becoming evident, for example, in analyses of the history of globalization of economic activity (Bairoch, 1993; Bairoch Kozul-Wright, 1998; Brenner, 1998). But with the rejection of grand narratives, bringing history back in should not presage a return to the old teleological historicism, but rather identify alternative situations and possible development paths, and thereby inform a RISE AND FALL OF THE WASHINGTON CONSENSUS 801 pragmatic commitment to progressive change in favor of present as well as future generations. The values which will glue together the new way of seeing the world are, like the methods of global analysis, as yet unclear. The most likely prospect is that we shall be blown into the uture facing backward, embracing a form of embedded communitarian liberalism, which seeks to reconcile the achievement of national, regional and global objectives, and to marry universal values with a respect for diversity. But this is still waiting to be born. NOTES 1. That is, a constellation of beliefs, values, techniques and group commitments shared by members of a given community, founded in particular on a set of shared axioms, mode ls and exemplars (see Kuhn, 1970). The term paradigm is used in this sense throughout this paper. . For an extended discussion of the importance of frames in policy analysis, see Schn and Rein (1994). o The notion of the frame is also pivotal in Amartya SenOs work on development evaluation, though he uses the term informational basis of evaluative judgements rather than frame. 3. For deeper discussion of these debates, and the role of international development agencies in them, see Arndt (1987), chapters 3 and 4. 4. This was a complex historical process. As Kuhn (1970) explains, the timing of paradigm shifts is in? enced not simply by scienti ®c and policy debate, but also broader political and ideological con ®gurations. These broader changes, which include the election of conservative political leaders in the United Kingdom, United States and Germany in the late 1970s and early 1980s, will not be dealt with here. For a subtle account, which locates changes in development thi nking and practice within a broader counter-revolution against Keynesian economic policies, see Toye (1993). 5. For these two lines of argument, see various World Development Reports, particularly World Bank (1983, 1986, 1987). The last, as well as criticizing deviant policies, is an exemplar of the mobilization of East Asian experience to support key principles of a LIEO. 6. For an extended discussion of methodological nationalism, see Gore (1996a). 7. The term global liberalism is used here as shorthand for various types of LIEO, which may or may not allow a circumscribed role for national government intervention in market processes. 8. The term historicism is used here in the most general sense given by Popper (1960, p. 3). It does not imply that planning which aims at arresting, accelerating or controlling development processes is impossible, though some historicists would adopt this stronger position (Popper, 1960, pp. 44 ±45). 9. Exemplars are Rostow (1960) and Chenery and Syrquin (1975). 10. Lyotard (1984) sees the main criterion which is used to legitimate knowledge after the questioning of the grand narratives as performativity, which is understood as assessment of the performance of systems in terms of the best input/output relations (p. 46). 11. Various academic books and articles are associated with these policy reports. Key elements of Latin American neostructuralism, which developed as a response to the weaknesses of both neoliberalism and importsubstitution industrialization, are set out in Bitar (1988), Ffrench-Davies (1988), Sunkel and Zuleta (1990), Fajnzylber (1990) and Sunkel (1993), and are surveyed in Kay (1998). A Japanese view of the contrast between East Asian developmentalism and the Washington Consensus is set out in OECF (1990), whilst Okudo (1993) and JDB/JERI (1993) discuss the Japanese approach, focusing on two important policy mechanisms which diverge from the tenets of the dominant approach? two-step loans and policy-based lending. UNCTADOs reconstruction of East Asian developmentalism, which was elaborated independently of Latin American neostructuralism, draws on analyses of the Japanese development experience, particularly Akamatsu (1961, 1962) and Shinohara (1982), and key elements are set out in Akyz and Gore (1996) and Akyz u u (1998). 12. For an outline of this approach see, inter alia, Sen (1993), and an analysis of the limits of its moral individualism is made in Gore (1997). 13. For examples of a loose approach to poverty analysis based on the concept of sustainable human development, see UNDP (1995a,b); but Banuri et al. 1994) attempt to give a more rigorous speci ®cation of 802 WORLD DEVELOPMENT 15. There are some divergences between the East Asian and Latin American approaches. The latter gives more prominence to environment and democracy, is less committed to aggressive sectoral targeting (ECLAC, 1996, pp. 70 ±71; Ocampo, 1999), and has a more re ®ned policy analysis of the process of  ® nancial integration than East Asian developmentalism (ECLAC, 1995, Part 3). But their similarities, and common disagreements with the Washington Consensus, are more striking. 16. For an interesting alternative interpretation of this fault line, see Yanagihara (1997) who contrasts an ingredients approach and a framework approach and seeks ways of synthesizing them. 17. To paraphrase Yanagihara and Sambommatsu (1996). the concept through the notion of social capital. An interesting recent development has been to link sustainable human development to the promotion of human rights discourse, which some see as an alternative global ethics to neoliberalism. The increasing incorporation of the voice of nongovernment organizations (NGOs) into or alongside UN social deliberations is also a? cting the SHD approach. A good discussion of some of the notions which animate these discussions is Nederveen Pierterse (1998). 14. It is di? cult to identify an African strand to the Southern Consensus, but Mkandawire and Soludo (1999) seek to develop an African alternative to the Washington Consensus, and UNCTAD (1998, part 2) has drawn implications of the East Asian development experience for Africa. REFERENCES Akamatsu, K. (1961). A theory of unbalanced growth in the world economy. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 86, 196 ±215. Akamatsu, K. (1962). A historical pattern of economic growth in developing countries. The Developing Economies, 1 (1), 3 ±25. Aky z, Y. (1998) New Perspectives on East Asia. u Journal of Development Studies (special issue) 34 (6). u Aky z, Y. , Gore, C. G. (1996). The investment-pro ®ts nexus in East Asian industrialization. World Development, 24 (3), 461 ±470. Amsden, A. (1994). Why isnt the whole world experimenting with the East Asian model to develop? : review of the East Asian miracle. World Development, 22 (4), 627 ±634. Arndt, H. W. (1987). Economic development: the history of an idea. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bairoch, P. (1993). Economic and world history. Brighton: Wheatsheaf. Bairoch, P. , Kozul-Wright, R. (1998). Globalization myths: some historical re? ections on integration, industrialization and growth in the world economy. In R. Kozul-Wright R. Rowthorn, Transnational corporations and the global economy (pp. 37 ±68). London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martins Press. Banuri, T. et al. (1994). De ®ning and operationalizing sustainable human development: a guide for practitioners. Bureau for Programme Policy and Evaluation. New York: UNDP. Bauer, P. T. (1971). Dissent on development: studies and debates in development economics. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Bitar, S. (1988). Neo-conservatism versus neo-structuralism in Latin America. CEPAL Review, 34, 45 ±62. Brenner, R. (1998). The economics of global turbulence: a special report on the world economy, 1950 ±98, New Left Review, 229, (May/June). Byres, T. J. (1979). Of neopopulist pipedreams: Daedalus in the Third World and the myth of urban bias. Journal of Peasant Studies, 6 (2), 210 ±244. Campos, J. E. , Root, H. L. (1996). The key to the Asian miracle: making shared growth credible. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Chang, H. -J. , Palmer, G. , Whittaker, D. Hugh. 1998). The Asian crisis. Cambridge Journal of Economics (special issue), 22. Chenery, H. B. , Syrquin, M. (1975). Patterns of development, 1950 ±70. London: Oxford University Press. ECLAC (1990). 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